Английская Википедия:Gyula III

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Шаблон:Infobox nobilityGyula III,[1] also Iula or Gyula the Younger,[2] Geula[2] or Gyla,[3] was an early medieval ruler in Transylvania[2] (Шаблон:Circa[1] – 1003/1004[3]). Around 1003, he and his family were attacked, dispossessed and captured by King Stephen I of Hungary (1000/1001-1038).[2] The name "Gyula" was also a title, the second highest rank in Hungarian tribal confederation.[4]

According to Gyula Kristó, his actual name was probably Prokui.[1] However, certain historians like István Bóna disagree with this identification.[2]

Family

Hungarian chronicles preserved contradictory reports of Gyula's family.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Gesta Hungarorum, Gyula, or "the younger Gyula",[5] was the son of Zombor and nephew of the elder Gyula.Шаблон:Sfn The same chronicle said that Zombor's grandfather, TétényШаблон:Spaced ndashone of the seven chieftains of the Magyars, or Hungarians, at the time of their conquest of the Carpathian BasinШаблон:Spaced ndashhad defeated Gelou, the Vlach ruler of Transylvania, forcing Gelou's Slav and Vlach subjects to yield to him.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Florin Curta writes that the Gesta Hungarorum presented Gyula's family based on a local legend which "seems to have been blown out of proportions and linked to an earlier confusion between a family name and the name of a military rank [gyula] in the Magyar federation of tribes".Шаблон:Sfn Historian Gyula Kristó says that the anonymous writer of the Gesta arbitrarily made a connection between the noble Gyula-Zombor kindred of Pest and Nógrád counties and the family of the gyulas of Transylvania when writing about Gyula's ancestors.Шаблон:Sfn Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum listed one Gyula among the seven chieftains of the conquering Hungarians, stating that "[a]lthough he came into Pannonia with the others, Gyula finally settled in Transylvania."[6]Шаблон:Sfn Finally, the 14th- and 15th-century chronicles (including the Illuminated Chronicle) distinguished three Gyulas, among whom the first GyulaШаблон:Spaced ndashone of the seven Magyar chieftainsШаблон:Spaced ndash"found a great city which had been built in former times by the Romans"[7] while he was hunting in Transylvania.Шаблон:Sfn The great city is identified as Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote of a Hungarian leader, titled gyula, who was second in rank among the leaders of the federation of the Hungarian tribes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Byzantine historian, John Skylitzes mentioned a "chieftain of the Turks",[8] or Hungarians, named Gylas, who was baptised in Constantinople around 952.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Skylitzes also stated that Gylas "remained faithful to Christianity"[8] and did not invade the Byzantine Empire after his baptism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

One view is that Transylvania in the 10th century seems to have been an independent principality which was governed by a line of princes who were invariably called Gyula; they were the successors, and perhaps also the descendants, of the gyula who had been the military leader of the Hungarian tribal federation at the time of the conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[9] Another view is that the family of the gyulas moved to Transylvania only after 970.[1] The Romanian historian Vlad Georgescu argues that Gyula (Gyla) seems to have been of Pecheneg origin, since Byzantine sources speak of the existence of a Petcheneg tribe called Gylas; a life of the monarch-saint Stephen I also mentions battles with Pechenegs in the heart of Transylvania.[3]

Файл:Chronicon Pictum P040 Szent István elfogatja Gyulát.JPG
King St. Stephen captures Gyula (Chronicon Pictum)

Before he could be crowned king of Hungary in title and in fact, the young Prince Stephen, whose mother was Gyula's sister Sarolt according to the almost contemporary Annales Hildesheimenses (“The Annals of Hildesheim”),[1] had to battle to overcome rebellious lords led by, among others, his relative and rival Koppány.[10] The Chronicon Pictum ("Illuminated Chronicle") narrates that[1] Stephen inflicted a devastating defeat upon Koppány whose corpse was quartered.[11] One quarter of Koppány's body was delivered to Gyula at his Alba Iulia (in Hungarian, Gyulafehérvár ‘Gyula’s White Castle’)[1] residence in Transylvania.[11] This quarter of the corpse was pinned to the gate of Alba Iulia.[1]

In 1003 (maybe in 1002[2] or 1004[3]), Stephen, who had been crowned in 1000 or 1001, personally led his army against his maternal uncle, and Gyula surrendered without a fight.[10] The Romanian historian Florin Curta suggests that the only contemporary source to mention Stephen's attack against “rex Geula” is the Annales Hildesheimenses.[2] On the other hand, Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018) refers to another character (Procui) who was King Stephen's uncle and whose land was occupied by the king.[12] Florin Curta argues that Procui cannot possibly be the same as Gyula: according to the 13th century Gesta Ungarorum, Gyula was captured by King Stephen I and kept in prison for the rest of his life; by contrast, Procui was expelled from his estates, given back his wife, and later appointed warden of a frontier fort by King Boleslav I of Poland.[2] The name Procui is probably of Slavic origin.[12] Шаблон:Quote Шаблон:Quote Шаблон:Quote

See also

Notes

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References

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Sources

Primary sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (Translated and annotated by David A. Warner) (2001). Manchester University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.

Шаблон:Refend

Secondary sources

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Шаблон:Refend

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ INSTITUTE OF HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I.[1]
  5. ↑ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 27.), p. 65.
  6. ↑ Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 2.29), p. 83.
  7. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 30), p. 100.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History (ch. 11.5.), p. 312.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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