Английская Википедия:H-II Transfer Vehicle

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The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), also called Шаблон:Nihongo, is an expendable, automated cargo spacecraft used to resupply the Kibō Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and the International Space Station (ISS). The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been working on the design since the early 1990s. The first mission, HTV-1, was originally intended to be launched in 2001. It launched at 17:01 UTC on 10 September 2009 on an H-IIB launch vehicle. The name Kounotori was chosen for the HTV by JAXA because "a white stork carries an image of conveying an important thing (a baby, happiness, and other joyful things), therefore, it precisely expresses the HTV's mission to transport essential materials to the ISS". The HTV is very important for resupplying the ISS because after the retirement of the Space Shuttle it is the only vehicle that can transfer new 41.3 in (105 cm) wide International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) and dispose old ISPRs that can fit the 51 in (130 cm) wide tunnels between modules in the US Orbital Segment.

Design

Файл:H-II Transfer Vehicle diagram.jpg

Structure

Файл:HTV from inside 02 - cropped and rotated.jpg

The inside view of the Pressurised Logistics Carrier section of HTV-1.

Файл:ISS-26 HTV-2 Exposed Pallet grappled by Canadarm2.jpg

The Canadarm2 removing unpressurised payload from HTV-2.

Файл:HTV-1 close-up view.jpg

The four main thrusters. Smaller attitude control thrusters can be seen at the right side of this view of HTV-1.

The HTV is about Шаблон:Convert long (including maneuvering thrusters at one end) and Шаблон:Convert in diameter. Total mass when empty is Шаблон:Convert, with a maximum total payload of Шаблон:Convert, for a maximum launch weight of Шаблон:Convert.

The HTV is comparable in function to the Russian Progress, ESA ATV, commercial Cargo Dragon 1, and Cargo Dragon 2 of SpaceX. Plus the Cygnus spacecraft, all of which bring supplies to the ISS. Like the ATV, the HTV carries more than twice the payload of the Progress, but is launched less than half as often. Unlike Progress spacecraft, Cargo Dragon 2's and ATV's which use the docking ports automatically, HTVs and American Dragon 1 approach the ISS in stages, and once they reach their closest parking orbit to the ISS, crew grapple them using the robotic arm Canadarm2 and berth them to an open berthing port on the Harmony module.

The HTV has an external payload bay which is accessed by the robotic arm after it has been berthed to the ISS. New payloads can be moved directly from the HTV to Kibō's exposed facility. Internally, it has eight International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) in total which can be unloaded by the crew in a shirt-sleeve environment. After the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle in 2011, HTVs became the only spacecraft capable of transporting ISPRs to the ISS. The SpaceX Dragon and Northrop Grumman Cygnus can carry resupply cargo bags but not ISPRs.Шаблон:Citation needed

The intent behind the HTV's modularized design was to use different module configurations to match different mission requirements. However, to reduce the development cost it was decided to fly the mixed PLC/ULC configuration only.

To control the HTV's attitude and perform the orbital maneuvers such as rendezvous and reentry, the craft has four 500-N-class main thrusters and twenty-eight 110-N-class attitude control thrusters. Both use bipropellant, namely monomethylhydrazine (MMH) as fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON3) as oxidizer. HTV-1, HTV-2, and HTV-4 use Aerojet's 110 N R-1E, Space Shuttle's vernier engine, and the 500 N based on the Apollo spacecraft's R-4D. Later HTVs use 500 N class HBT-5 thrusters and 120 N class HBT-1 thrusters made by Japanese manufacturer IHI Aerospace Co., Ltd. The HTV carries about 2400 kg of propellant in four tanks.

After the unloading process is completed, the HTV is loaded with waste and unberthed. The vehicle then deorbits and is destroyed during reentry, the debris falling into the Pacific Ocean.

Flights

Файл:H-IIB F2 launching HTV2.jpg

The HTV-2 departing Tanegashima spaceport bound for the International Space Station.

Initially seven missions were planned in 2008–2015. With the extension of the ISS project through 2028, three more missions were added, with the tenth flight seeing an improved, cost-reduced version called the HTV-X.

The first vehicle was launched on an H-IIB rocket, a more powerful version of the earlier H-IIA, at 17:01 UTC on 10 September 2009, from Launch Pad 2 of the Yoshinobu Launch Complex at the Tanegashima Space Center.

Шаблон:Asof, a total of nine missions successfully launched — one each year for 2015–2019 (though there was no launch in 2017, pushing back the latest to 2020) — one fewer total mission than had been planned in August 2013 at the time the fourth HTV mission was underway.

The improved version of the craft HTV-X is planned to be first used for the tenth flight and will perform scheduled ISS resupply duties for 2021-2024 (with a first launch scheduled for February 2022). In addition, JAXA has agreed to provide HTV-X logistic resupply flights to the Gateway mini-space station (launched by either Falcon Heavy or Ariane 6) as part of its Gateway contribution in addition to co-developing a habitation module with the ESA. Шаблон:Import style

HTV	Launch date/time (UTC)	Berth date/time (UTC)	Carrier rocket	Reentry date/time (UTC)	Outcome
HTV-1	10 September 2009, 17:01:56	17 September 2009, 22:12	H-IIB F1	1 November 2009, 21:26	Шаблон:Success
HTV-2	22 January 2011, 05:37:57	27 January 2011, 14:51	H-IIB F2	30 March 2011, 03:09	Шаблон:Success
HTV-3	21 July 2012, 02:06:18	27 July 2012, 14:34	H-IIB F3	14 September 2012, 05:27	Шаблон:Success
HTV-4	3 August 2013, 19:48:46	9 August 2013, 15:38	H-IIB F4	7 September 2013, 06:37	Шаблон:Success
HTV-5	19 August 2015, 11:50:49	24 August 2015, 17:28	H-IIB F5	29 September 2015, 20:33	Шаблон:Success
HTV-6	9 December 2016, 13:26:47	13 December 2016, 18:24	H-IIB F6	5 February 2017, 15:06	Шаблон:Success
HTV-7	22 September 2018, 17:52:27	27 September 2018, 18:08	H-IIB F7	10 November 2018, 21:38	Шаблон:Success
HTV-8	24 September 2019, 16:05:05	28 September 2019, 14:09	H-IIB F8	3 November 2019, 02:09	Шаблон:Success
HTV-9	20 May 2020, 17:31:00	25 May 2020, 12:13	H-IIB F9 (last)	20 August 2020, 07:07	Шаблон:Success

Successor

HTV-X

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Cleanup split In May 2015, Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced a proposal to replace the HTV with an improved, cost-reduced version preliminary called HTV-X.

In December 2015, the plan to develop HTV-X was approved by the Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy of the Cabinet Office, targeting launch in fiscal year 2021 for the flight of HTV-X1 (Technical Demonstration Vehicle) by the H3 rocket. Шаблон:Asof, new ISS plans from NASA's Flight Planning Integration Panel have set the launch of HTV-X1 for February 2022, which is on schedule. In 2022 the debut of the HTV-X spacecraft has been furtherly delayed to January 2024.

The HTV-X has a length of 6.2 m, or 10 m with the unpressurised cargo module fitted. The payload fairing adaptor and payload dispenser have been widened from 1.7 m to 4.4 m to allow the pressurized cargo module to be swapped out for alternate modules, to add increased structural strength, and to accommodate the side hatch.

Шаблон:As of, an evolutionary version of HTV-X called HTV-XG is being considered for transferring cargo to the Lunar Gateway as part of the Artemis program.

Former evolutionary proposals

HTV-R

Шаблон:As of, JAXA was planning to add a return capsule option. In this concept, HTV's pressurized cargo would be replaced by a reentry module capable of returning Шаблон:Convert cargo from ISS to Earth.

Further, conceptual plans in 2012 included a follow-on spacecraft design by 2022 which would accommodate a crew of three and carry up to Шаблон:Convert of cargo.

Lagrange outpost resupply

Шаблон:As of, both JAXA and Mitsubishi conducted studies of a next generation HTV as a possible Japanese contribution to the proposed international crewed outpost at Earth-Moon L2. This variant of HTV was to be launched by H-X Heavy and can carry 1800 kg of supplies to EML2. Modifications from the current HTV includes the addition of solar electric paddles and extension of the propellant tank.

Human-rated variant

A proposal announced in June 2008, "Preliminary Study for Manned Spacecraft with Escape System and H-IIB Rocket" suggested combining HTV's propulsion module with a human-rated capsule for four people.

Japanese space station

A Japanese space station has been proposed to be built up from HTV modules. This method is similar to how the modules in Mir, as well as many modules of the Russian Orbital Segment of the ISS are based on the TKS cargo vehicle design.Шаблон:Citation needed

Gallery

• HTV-3 near ISS

  HTV-3 near ISS

• Kounotori 5 (HTV-5) with Aurora australis

  Kounotori 5 (HTV-5) with Aurora australis

• HTV-6 grappled to a robotic arm of ISS

  HTV-6 grappled to a robotic arm of ISS

See also

• Cargo spacecraft
• Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
• Cygnus – an American commercial cargo spacecraft that used the communication system developed for HTV
• Fuji - cancelled Japanese crewed spacecraft proposal
• HOPE-X – cancelled cargo spaceplane proposal

External links

• Project overview of H-II Transfer Vehicle. Шаблон:Webarchive, JAXA
• HTV/H-IIB launch Special site, JAXA
• Шаблон:YouTube. JAXA
• H-II Transfer Vehicle -Road to the HTV's launch-, JAXA
• Шаблон:YouTube. JAXA
• H-2B rocket and Kounotori 3D model, Asahi Shinbun
• Japan's space freighter in orbit, BBC News