Английская Википедия:HMS Falmouth (1910)

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HMS Falmouth was a Шаблон:Sclass2 light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. She was one of four ships of the Weymouth sub-class. The ship was initially assigned to the Atlantic Fleet upon completion in 1911, but was reduced to reserve in mid-1913. When the First World War began in 1914, Falmouth was transferred to the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron (LCS) of the Grand Fleet and then the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at the end of the year. The ship participated in most of the early fleet actions, including the Battles of Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank, and Jutland, but was only seriously engaged in the latter. She was torpedoed and sunk off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire by German submarines during the action of 19 August 1916.

Design and description

The Weymouth sub-class were slightly larger and improved versions of the preceding Bristol sub-class with a more powerful armament.[1] They were Шаблон:Convert long overall, with a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draught of Шаблон:Convert. Displacement was Шаблон:Convert normal[2] and Шаблон:Convert at full load. Twelve Yarrow boilers fed FalmouthШаблон:'s Parsons steam turbines,[1] driving two propeller shafts, that were rated at Шаблон:Convert for a design speed of Шаблон:Convert. The ship reached Шаблон:Convert during her sea trials from Шаблон:Convert.[3] The boilers used both fuel oil and coal, with Шаблон:Convert of coal and Шаблон:Convert tons of oil carried, which gave a range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.[2]

The Weymouths replaced the ten Шаблон:Convert guns of the Bristol sub-class with an additional six BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI guns. Two of these guns were mounted on the centreline fore and aft of the superstructure and two more were mounted on the forecastle deck abreast the bridge. The remaining four guns were positioned on the upper deck in waist mountings. All these guns were fitted with gun shields.[1] Four Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm) saluting guns were also fitted. Their armament was completed by two submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes.[4]

The Weymouth-class ships were considered protected cruisers, with an armoured deck providing protection for the ships' vitals. The armoured deck was Шаблон:Convert thick over the magazines and machinery, Шаблон:Convert over the steering gear and Шаблон:Convert elsewhere. The conning tower was protected by 4 inches of armour, with the gun shields having Шаблон:Convert armour, as did the ammunition hoists.[5] As the protective deck was at the waterline, the ships were given a large metacentric height so that they would remain stable in the event of flooding above the armoured deck. This, however, resulted in the ships rolling badly making them poor gun platforms.[6] One problem with the armour of the Weymouths which was shared with the other Town-class ships was the sizeable gap between the bottom of the gun shields and the deck, which allowed shell splinters to pass through the gap, and made the guns' crews vulnerable to leg injuries in combat.[7]

Construction and career

Falmouth was the ninth ship in the Royal Navy to be named after the eponymous port.[8] The ship was laid down on 21 February 1910 by William Beardmore and Company at their Dalmuir shipyard and launched on 20 September. Upon completion in September 1911, Falmouth was assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet[1] and was transferred to the reserve 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Second Fleet at The Nore on 30 June 1913.[9] By the end of the year, the ship had been transferred to the 5th Cruiser Squadron, also of the Second Fleet.[10]

On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, she was assigned to the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet. On 28 August 1914 she was present, but played no significant role, in the Battle of Heligoland Bight,[11] Several months later, the Germans bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 16 December and the 1st LCS was escorting Vice-Admiral David Beatty's battlecruisers in response when it encountered a German light cruiser and a half-flotilla of torpedo boats. Falmouth was not in range to engage before the squadron turned away to follow the battlecruisers.[12] On 28 December, the ship was transferred to the 3rd LCS and became the flagship of Rear-Admiral Trevylyan Napier, the squadron commander. During the Battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915, the squadron escorted the Grand Fleet, but was not engaged. After the battle was over, the squadron escorted the battlecruisers on their way back to Cromarty, Scotland.[13]

Battle of Jutland

The British fleet sailed from northern Britain to the east while the Germans sailed from Germany in the south; the opposing fleets met off the Danish coast
Maps showing the manoeuvres of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916

Шаблон:Main Almost a year later, Falmouth participated in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May–1 June 1916. As the battle began, the 3rd LCS was screening Beatty's battlecruisers as they searched for the German fleet and moved to support the 1st LCS after they had spotted the German ships. This put them out of position when Beatty turned south to pursue the German battlecruisers. After he turned north on encountering the main body of the German High Seas Fleet, Falmouth and her squadron were the first to encounter the screen of the Grand Fleet at 17:33. As Beatty turned east to rendezvous with them, the cruiser engaged several German ships at ranges below Шаблон:Convert and in poor visibility. Falmouth opened fire on the disabled light cruiser Шаблон:SMS beginning at about 18:15 and also fired a torpedo at her that missed around 18:21. She then briefly engaged two destroyers and then switched to the battlecruisers Шаблон:SMS and Шаблон:SMS, hitting both ships, also firing a torpedo that she mistakenly claimed to have hit around 18:25. In return, the ship was only hit once by a Шаблон:Convert shell on the foremast that cut the voice tubes to the spotting top. By 18:40, the squadron was in position to escort the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet.[14]

By 20:10, Beatty's ships were in front of the Grand Fleet and the 3rd LCS was screening them when Falmouth spotted five cruisers of the 4th Scouting Group and the squadron closed to engage at full speed. The British ships were not spotted in return until 20:17 and Falmouth opened fire a minute later at a range of Шаблон:Convert. Despite poor visibility, she hit the light cruiser Шаблон:SMS twice, one of which damaged her aft boilers and impaired her ability to keep steam up. By 20:38, the British lost sight of the Germans and turned away to assume their position at the head of Beatty's battlecruisers. The cruiser fired a total of 175 shells during the battle, the most of any British light cruiser.[15]

Action of 19 August 1916

Шаблон:Main On the evening of 18 August, the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 that indicated that the High Seas Fleet would be leaving harbour that night. The German objective was to bombard Sunderland the following day, based on extensive reconnaissance conducted by Zeppelins and submarines. Part of the German plan was to draw the British ships through a series of submarine ambushes and Falmouth fell victim to one of the awaiting U-boats, Шаблон:SMU, about 16:05 the following afternoon after the Grand Fleet was headed for home. Two torpedoes only badly damaged the cruiser, but follow-on attacks were unsuccessful due to the presence of the escorting destroyers. Shortly after she was struck, the armed trawler Cooksin went alongside and took off all of the men not required to work the ship. Falmouth was able to steam through the night under her own power at a speed of Шаблон:Convert, although a pair of tugboats came out the following morning and took her in tow. Her course took her right past Шаблон:SMU, which put another pair of torpedoes into her around noon, despite eight escorting destroyers. The cruiser remained afloat for another eight hours before sinking off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire.[16] No one was killed in the attacks, but one man later died of his injuries. She sits in Шаблон:Convert of water at Шаблон:Coord.[17]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Town class cruiser 1910 Шаблон:August 1916 shipwrecks Шаблон:Recreational dive sites Шаблон:Good article

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Gardiner & Gray, p. 52
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Friedman, p. 383
  3. ↑ Lyon, Part 2, pp. 59–60
  4. ↑ Lyon, Part 2, pp. 55–57
  5. ↑ Lyon, Part 2, p. 59
  6. ↑ Brown, p. 63
  7. ↑ Lyon, Part 2, p. 57
  8. ↑ Colledge, p. 122
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Corbett, I, pp. 101–19
  12. ↑ Massie, pp. 333–52
  13. ↑ Transcript
  14. ↑ Campbell, pp. 22, 31–33, 118, 150–51, 161, 196, 390
  15. ↑ Campbell, pp. 250–52, 360
  16. ↑ Newbolt, pp. 45–46
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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