Английская Википедия:HM Treasury

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Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox government agency Шаблон:PoliticsUK His Majesty's Treasury (HM Treasury), occasionally referred to as the Exchequer, or more informally the Treasury, is a department of His Majesty's Government responsible for developing and executing the government's public finance policy and economic policy. The Treasury maintains the Online System for Central Accounting and Reporting (OSCAR), the replacement for the Combined Online Information System (COINS), which itemises departmental spending under thousands of category headings, and from which the Whole of Government Accounts (WGA) annual financial statements are produced.

History

Шаблон:More citations needed The origins of the Treasury of England have been traced by some to an individual known as Henry the Treasurer, a servant to King William the Conqueror. This claim is based on an entry in the Domesday Book showing the individual Henry "the treasurer" as a landowner in Winchester, where the royal treasure was stored.

The UK Treasury traces its origins to the Treasury of the Kingdom of England, founded by 1126, in the reign of King Henry I. The Treasury emerged from the Royal Household. It was where the king kept his treasures, such as in The King's Chamber. The head of the Treasury was called the Lord Treasurer. Starting in Tudor times, the Lord Treasurer became one of the chief officers of state, and competed with the Lord Chancellor for the principal place. Thomas Cromwell transformed the financial administration of the country, restoring authority to the Exchequer and making the King's Chamber, of central importance under Henry VII, back into a small spending department overseeing the Royal Household. The fact that Cromwell had a key post in the old Chamber system as well as being Chancellor of the Exchequer shows how he did this. For the majority of the medieval period the office of the Treasury was within the Exchequer (responsible for managing the royal revenue in addition to collecting and issuing money). As is often the case, wars are expensive and in 1433 war with France led to a deficit of £30,000 - the equivalent of over £100 billion today. Money that the Treasury received was recorded by using tallies. These were sticks with notches marked on them according to the amount of money involved. The stick was cut in two and one half given to the Sheriff as receipt for the money. They were in use until 1834 when a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster. By 1584, the deficit had been turned into a surplus equivalent to one year's revenue. Monarchs tended to bypass the Exchequer because of its ineffectiveness until it was reformed by Lord Treasurer Winchester and his successor, Lord Burghley, under Elizabeth I.

In contrast, the Stuarts failed to enforce limits on inflation, war, corruption and extravagant tendencies and were forced into debt again. In 1667, King Charles II was responsible for appointing George Downing, the builder of Downing Street, to radically reform the Treasury and the collection of taxes. The Treasury was first put in commission (placed under the control of several people instead of only one) in May or June 1660. The first commissioners were the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Ashley, (Sir) W. Coventry, (Sir) J. Duncomb, and (Sir) T. Clifford. From the middle of the 17th century the need for a national bank became pressing. England and, in particular, London was greatly changing due to fast expansion of The Empire's trade, not least N.America, but also entrepot trade that grew to over one third of trade and with Continental Europe, however, what was needed was a "fund of money," or a term familiar today, but by which is really meant either precious metals or 'hard' currency such as US dollars mainly that grew in importance after WW1 to pay external trade bills i.e. questions of financial liquidity or circulation needed to maintain and grow the nation's national income and trade, but above all to honour the nation's foreign obligations. Failures to do so can lead to casus belli.

The early 1700s saw the meteoric rise of the banking and financial markets, with the emerging stock market revolving around government funds. The ability to raise money by means of creating debt through the issue of bills and bonds heralded the beginning of the National Debt. Improved controls over public spending ensured that creditors were more willing to lend money to the government. By the 1730s an early version of the public spending survey and the annual Budget had been established. In its evolution the Treasury had to learn some valuable lessons. In 1711, the Treasury established a scheme whereby it secured government debt by the authorisation of its subscription into the capital of the South Sea Company, with government creditors in return holding stock in the company. After 1714, the Treasury was always in commission. The commissioners were referred to as the Lords of the Treasury and were given a number based on their seniority. In 1720 the South Sea bubble burst and thousands of investors were affected; such was the outrage that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was sent to the Tower of London. Eventually the First Lord of the Treasury came, however, to be seen as the natural head of government, and from Robert Walpole on, the holder of the office became known, unofficially, as the Prime Minister. Until 1827, the First Lord of the Treasury, when a commoner, also held the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, while if the First Lord was a peer, the Second Lord usually served as Chancellor. Since 1827, however, the Chancellor of the Exchequer has always been Second Lord of the Treasury.

If important lessons were learnt that the National Debt (and public finances) require prudent management, when The Exchequer was abolished in 1833, The HM Treasury became the ministerial department under the Chancellor of the Exchequer. When The Treasury was under commission, junior Lords were each paid £1,600 a year. It is insensible to consider The Treasury's history without The Bank of England set up in the 17th century. The argument for England's bank grew after the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688 when William of Orange and Queen Mary ascended to England's throne. London-based Scottish entrepreneur, William Paterson proposed a “Bank of England” with a “fund for perpetual Interest” (not yet bonds or bills) that was passed by Parliament, supported by Charles Montagu, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Michael Godfrey, another leading City merchant. The public were invited to invest subscriptions totalling £1.2 million forming the initial capital stock onward loaned to the Government in return for a Royal Charter. At the same time the National Debt was born, paper money came into existence.

Ministers

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Шаблон:Main Although the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland had been united by the Acts of Union 1800, the exchequers of the two kingdoms were not consolidated until 1817 under the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 98). For the holders of the Irish office before this date, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland.

Current Treasury Ministers

As of 14 November 2023, the Treasury Ministers are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold:

Minister	Portrait	Office	Portfolio
Шаблон:Small Rishi Sunak Шаблон:Small	Файл:Official Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg	First Lord of the Treasury	Formal head of the Treasury, concurrently serves as the Prime Minister.
Шаблон:Small Jeremy Hunt Шаблон:Small	Файл:Jeremy Hunt Official Cabinet Portrait, October 2022 (cropped).jpg	Chancellor of the Exchequer & Second Lord of the Treasury	Overall responsibility for the department; fiscal policy (including the presenting of the annual Budget); monetary policy, setting inflation targets; ministerial arrangements (in his role as Second Lord of the Treasury).
Шаблон:Small Simon Hart Шаблон:Small	Файл:Simon Hart Official Cabinet Portrait, October 2022 (cropped).jpg	Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury	Government Chief Whip, though formally a junior minister in the Treasury.
Шаблон:Small Laura Trott Шаблон:Small	Файл:Laura Trott Official Cabinet Portrait, November 2023 (cropped).jpg	Chief Secretary to the Treasury	Spending reviews and strategic planning; in-year spending control; public sector pay and pensions; Annually Managed Expenditure (AME) and welfare reform; efficiency and value for money in public service; procurement; capital investment; infrastructure spending; housing and planning; spending issues related to trade; transport policy, including HS2, Crossrail 2, Roads, Network Rail, Oxford/Cambridge corridor; Treasury interest in devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland; women in the economy; skills, labour market policy and childcare policy, including tax free childcare; tax credits policy; housing and planning; legislative strategy; state pensions/ pensioner benefits; freeports – with support from FST on customs aspects.
Nigel Huddleston Шаблон:Small	Файл:Official portrait of Nigel Huddleston MP crop 2.jpg	Financial Secretary to the Treasury	Leading on the UK tax system including direct, indirect, business, property and personal taxation; corporate and small business taxation; Value Added Tax (VAT); European and international tax issues; overall responsibility for the Finance Bill; National Insurance Bill; customs policy; HMRC planning and delivery of our future partnership with the EU; departmental Minister for HM Revenue and Customs and the Valuation Office Agency and the Government Actuary's Department; tariffs policy; trade policy; freeports (CST policy lead – FST support on customs); infrastructure policy: National Infrastructure Strategy, National Infrastructure Commission; Infrastructure and Projects Authority (IPA, joint with Cabinet Office); Public - Private Partnerships; (PPPs) and Private Finance Initiatives (PFI/PFI2); parliamentary deputy on public spending issues.
Bim Afolami Шаблон:Small	Файл:Official portrait of Bim Afolami MP crop 2.jpg	Economic Secretary to the Treasury	Banking and financial services reform and regulation; financial stability, including relationship with the PRA; financial conduct, including relationship with the FCA; financial services including all banking, insurance, asset management; retail financial services, including banking competition, consumer finance, financial advice and capability; bank lending and access to finance; financial Inclusion (lead on the government's financial inclusion agenda); access to affordable; credit, including credit unions; women in finance agenda; EU financial services including EU exit and decisions as a member state; city competitiveness, including global financial markets, Global Financial Partnerships and financial services trade; green finance, Islamic finance, and Fintech; financial services taxation, including bank levy, bank corp. tax surcharge, IPT; personal savings tax and pensions tax policy; sponsorship of UKGI and State owned financial assets – RBS, UKAR; financial sanctions and countering economic crime and illicit finance; foreign exchange reserves and debt management policy, National Savings and Investments and the Debt Management Office; cash and payments including, Royal Mint Parliamentary deputy on economy issues.
Шаблон:Small Baroness Vere of Norbiton	Файл:Baroness Vere of Norbiton 2022.jpg	Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury	Supporting the Treasury's role across government and Treasury ministers in their duties.

Timeline

1817–present

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bar:Vansittart
 from: 12/07/1817 till: 31/01/1823 color:tory text:"Nicholas Vansittart"
bar:JohnRobinson
 from: 31/01/1823 till: 27/04/1827 color:tory text:"Frederick John Robinson"
bar:Canning
 from: 27/04/1827 till: 08/08/1827 color:tory text:"George Canning"
bar:Abbott
 from: 08/08/1827 till: 05/09/1827 color:tory text:"Charles Abbott
bar:CharlesHerries
 from: 05/09/1827 till: 26/01/1828 color:tory text:"John Charles Herries"
bar:Goulburn
 from: 26/01/1828 till: 22/11/1830 color:tory 
 from: 03/09/1841 till: 30/08/1846 color:conservative text:"Henry Goulburn"
bar:Spencer 
 from: 22/11/1830 till: 14/11/1834 color:whig text:"John Spencer"
bar:Denman
 from: 14/11/1834 till: 15/12/1834 color:whig text:"Thomas Denman"
bar:Peel
 from: 15/12/1834 till: 08/04/1835 color:conservative text:"Robert Peel"
bar:SpringRice 
 from: 18/04/1835 till: 26/08/1839 color:whig text:"Thomas Spring Rice"
bar:Baring
 from: 26/08/1839 till: 30/08/1841 color:whig text:"Francis Baring"
bar:CWood
 from: 06/07/1846 till: 21/02/1852 color:whig text:"Charles Wood"
bar:Disraeli
 from: 27/02/1852 till: 17/12/1852 color:conservative
 from: 26/02/1858 till: 11/06/1859 color:conservative
 from: 06/07/1866 till: 29/02/1868 color:conservative text:"Benjamin Disraeli"
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 from: 28/12/1852 till: 28/02/1855 color:peelite
 from: 18/06/1859 till: 26/06/1866 color:liberal
 from: 11/08/1873 till: 17/02/1874 color:liberal
 from: 28/04/1880 till: 16/12/1882 color:liberal text:"William Ewart Gladstone"
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 from: 28/02/1855 till: 21/02/1858 color:whig text:"George Cornewall Lewis"
bar:WardHunt
 from: 29/02/1868 till: 01/12/1868 color:conservative text:"George Ward Hunt"
bar:Lowe
 from: 09/12/1868 till: 11/08/1873 color:liberal text:"Robert Lowe"
bar:Northcote
 from: 21/02/1874 till: 21/04/1880 color:conservative text:"Stafford Northcote"
bar:Childers
 from: 16/12/1882 till: 09/06/1885 color:liberal text:"Hugh Childers"
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 from: 24/06/1885 till: 28/01/1886 color:conservative
 from: 29/06/1895 till: 11/08/1902 color:conservative text:"Michael Hicks Beach
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 from: 06/02/1886 till: 20/07/1886 color:liberal
 from: 18/08/1892 till: 21/06/1895 color:liberal text:"William Hardcourt
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 from: 03/08/1886 till: 22/12/1886 color:conservative text:"Randolph Churchill"
bar:Goschen
 from: 14/01/1887 till: 11/08/1892 color:libunionist text:"George Goschen"
bar:Ritchie
 from: 11/08/1902 till: 09/10/1903 color:conservative text:"Charles Ritchie"
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 from: 09/10/1903 till: 04/12/1905 color:libunionist 
 from: 10/01/1919 till: 01/04/1921 color:conservative text:"Austin Chamberlain"
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 from: 10/12/1905 till: 16/04/1908 color:liberal text:"H. H. Asquith"
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 from: 16/04/1908 till: 25/05/1915 color:liberal text:"David Lloyd George"
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 from: 25/05/1915 till: 10/12/1916 color:liberal text:"Reginald McKenna"
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 from: 10/12/1916 till: 10/01/1919 color:conservative text:"Bonar Law"
bar:Horne
 from: 01/04/1921 till: 27/10/1922 color:conservative text:"Robert Horne"
bar:Baldwin
 from: 27/10/1922 till: 27/08/1923 color:conservative text:"Stanley Baldwin"
bar:NChamberlain
 from: 27/08/1923 till: 22/01/1924 color:conservative
 from: 05/11/1931 till: 28/05/1937 color:conservative text:"Neville Chamberlain"
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 from: 22/01/1924 till: 03/11/1924 color:labour
 from: 07/06/1929 till: 24/08/1931 color:labour
 from: 24/08/1931 till: 05/11/1931 color:natlabour text:"Philip Snowden
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 from: 06/11/1924 till: 04/06/1929 color:conservative text:"Winston Churchill"
bar:Simon
 from: 28/05/1937 till: 12/05/1940 color:natliberal text:"John Simon"
bar:KWood
 from: 12/05/1940 till: 21/09/1943 color:conservative text:"Kingsley Wood"
bar:Anderson
 from: 24/09/1943 till: 26/07/1945 color:independent text:"John Anderson"
bar:Dalton
 from: 27/07/1945 till: 13/11/1947 color:labour text:"Hugh Dalton"
bar:Cripps
 from: 13/11/1947 till: 19/10/1950 color:labour text:"Stafford Cripps"
bar:Gaitskell
 from: 19/10/1950 till: 26/10/1951 color:labour text:"Hugh Gaitskell"
bar:Butler
 from: 26/10/1951 till: 20/12/1955 color:conservative text:"Rab Butler"
bar:Macmillan
 from: 20/12/1955 till: 13/01/1957 color:conservative text:"Harold Macmillan"
bar:Thorneycroft
 from: 13/01/1957 till: 06/01/1958 color:conservative text:"Peter Thorneycroft"
bar:Heathcoat-Amory
 from: 06/01/1958 till: 27/07/1960 color:conservative text:"Derick Heathcoat-Amory"
bar:Lloyd
 from: 27/07/1960 till: 13/07/1962 color:conservative text:"Selwyn Lloyd"
bar:Maudling
 from: 16/07/1962 till: 16/10/1964 color:conservative text:"Reginald Maudling"
bar:Callaghan
 from: 17/10/1964 till: 29/11/1967 color:labour text:"James Callaghan"
bar:Jenkins
 from: 29/11/1967 till: 19/06/1970 color:labour text:"Roy Jenkins"
bar:Macleod
 from: 20/06/1970 till: 20/07/1970 color:conservative text:"Iain Macleod"
bar:Barber
 from: 25/07/1970 till: 04/03/1974 color:conservative text:"Anthony Barber"
bar:Healey
 from: 05/03/1974 till: 04/05/1979 color:labour text:"Denis Healey"
bar:Howe
 from: 04/05/1979 till: 11/06/1983 color:conservative text:"Geoffrey Howe"
bar:Lawson
 from: 11/06/1983 till: 26/10/1989 color:conservative text:"Nigel Lawson"
bar:Major
 from: 26/10/1989 till: 28/11/1990 color:conservative text:"John Major"
bar:Lamont
 from: 28/11/1990 till: 27/05/1993 color:conservative text:"Norman Lamont"
bar:Clarke
 from: 27/05/1993 till: 02/05/1997 color:conservative text:"Kenneth Clarke"
bar:Brown
 from: 02/05/1997 till: 27/06/2007 color:labour text:"Gordon Brown"
bar:Darling
 from: 28/06/2007 till: 11/05/2010 color:labour text:"Alistair Darling"
bar:Osborne
 from: 11/05/2010 till: 13/07/2016 color:conservative text:"George Osborne"
bar:Hammond
 from: 13/07/2016 till: 24/07/2019 color:conservative text:"Philip Hammond"
bar:Javid
 from: 24/07/2019 till: 13/02/2020 color:conservative text:"Sajid Javid"
bar:Sunak
 from: 13/02/2020 till: 05/07/2022 color:conservative text:"Rishi Sunak"
bar:Zahawi
 from: 05/07/2022 till: 06/09/2022 color:conservative text:"Nadhim Zahawi"
bar:Kwarteng
 from: 06/09/2022 till: 14/10/2022 color:conservative text:"Kwasi Kwarteng"
bar:Hunt
 from: 14/10/2022 till: $now       color:conservative text:"Jeremy Hunt"

</timeline>

Whips

Some of the government whips are also associated in name with the Treasury: the Chief Whip is nominally Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and traditionally had an office in 12 Downing Street. Some of the other whips are nominally Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, though they are all members of the House of Commons. Being a whip is a party, rather than a government, position; the appointments to the Treasury are sinecure positions which allow the whips to be paid ministerial salaries. This has led to the Government front bench in the Commons being known as the Treasury Bench. However, since the whips no longer have any effective ministerial roles in the Treasury, they are usually not listed as Treasury ministers.

Permanent secretaries

Шаблон:UKtaxation The position of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is generally regarded as the second most influential in the British Civil Service; two recent incumbents have gone on to be Cabinet Secretary, the only post outranking it.

From October 2022, the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is James Bowler and there are two Second Permanent Secretaries: Cat Little and Beth Russell. The previous Permanent Secretary, Sir Tom Scholar, was sacked by Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng and Prime Minister Liz Truss shortly after they took office.

Guidance

The Treasury publishes cross-government guidance including Managing Public Money and The Green Book: Central Government Guidance on appraisal and evaluation, current version dated 2020. Managing Public Money includes a definition of "value for money":Шаблон:Blockquote The Green Book includes the historic five case model, which requires consideration of the policy, economic, commercial, financial and management dimensions of a proposed project.Шаблон:Rp

Banknote issue

Файл:HM-treasury-note-10-shillings-bradbury-C.jpg

A 10-shilling HM Treasury note depicting George V.

Banknotes in the UK are normally issued by the Bank of England and a number of commercial banks (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, giving the Treasury temporary powers to issue banknotes in two denominations, one at £1 and another at 10 shillings, in the UK. Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible for gold through the Bank of England. They replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable purchases of raw materials for armaments production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND — Currency notes are Legal Tender for the payment of any amount by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury under the Authority of Act of Parliament (4 & 5 Geo. V c.14). Notes issued after the partition of Ireland from 1922 had the wording changed to read "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".

The promise (never adhered to) was that they would be removed from circulation after the war had ended. In fact, the notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.

Associated public bodies

Executive agencies of HM Treasury

• UK Debt Management Office, reporting to the Economic Secretary to the Treasury, is responsible for government borrowing operations.
• National Savings and Investments

Other bodies reporting to Treasury ministers

• HM Revenue & Customs, a non-ministerial government department for which the responsible minister is the Exchequer Secretary
  • Valuation Office Agency, an executive agency of HM Revenue and Customs
• Office for Budget Responsibility, a non-departmental public body of HM Treasury
• Office of Tax Simplification, an independent office of HM Treasury
• Royal Mint, a Treasury-owned coinage company
• UK Government Investments, a Treasury-owned holding company

History of the Treasury Main Building

The Treasury Main Building at 1 Horse Guards Road, often referred to as the Government Offices, Great George Street (GOGGS), was designed by John Brydon following a competition. Construction took place in two phases. The West end was completed in 1908 and the East end was completed in 1917. It was originally built as offices for the Board of Education, the Local Government Board, and the Ministry of Works Office; HM Treasury moved into the building in 1940. A major refurbishment of the building was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2000. The works, which were designed by Foster and Partners together with Feilden and Mawson and carried out by Bovis Lend Lease at a cost of £140 million, were completed in 2002.

See also

• Budget of the United Kingdom
• Economy of the United Kingdom
• List of lords commissioners of the Treasury
• List of lord high treasurers of England and Great Britain
• Lord High Treasurer

External links

• Шаблон:Official website
• HM Treasury YouTube channel