Английская Википедия:Ha (Indic)
Ha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad h.svg.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Шаблон:Further Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ह are:[1]
- ह Шаблон:IPA-hi = 100 (१००)
- हि Шаблон:IPA-hi = 10,000 (१० ०००)
- हु Шаблон:IPA-hi = 1,000,000 (१० ०० ०००)
- हृ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 100,000,000 (१० ०० ०० ०००)
- हॢ Шаблон:IPA-hi = Шаблон:E (१०१०)
- हे Шаблон:IPA-hi = Шаблон:E (×१०१२)
- है Шаблон:IPA-hi = Шаблон:E (×१०१४)
- हो Шаблон:IPA-hi = Шаблон:E (×१०१६)
- हौ Шаблон:IPA-hi = Шаблон:E (×१०१८)
Historic Ha
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ha as found in standard Brahmi, Ha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ha. The Tocharian Ha Ha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ha, in Kharoshthi (Ha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ha
The Brahmi letter Ha, Ha, is probably derived from the Aramaic He Файл:He0.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin E and Greek Epsilon.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
| Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Brahmi h.svg | Файл:Gupta girnar h.svg | Файл:Gupta ashoka h.svg | Файл:Gupta gujarat h.svg | Файл:Gupta allahabad h.svg |
Tocharian Ha
The Tocharian letter Ha is derived from the Brahmi Ha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
Kharoṣṭhī Ha
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic He Файл:He0.svg, and is thus related to H and Eta, in addition to the Brahmi Ha.[2]
Devanagari Ha
Шаблон:Devanagari abugida sidebar Ha (ह) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad h.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter હ, and the Modi letter 𑘮.
Devanagari-using Languages
In all languages, ह is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-hi or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr | Hr̄ | Hl | Hl̄ | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ह | हा | हि | ही | हु | हू | हृ | हॄ | हॢ | हॣ | हे | है | हो | हौ | ह् |
Conjuncts with ह
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of ह
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha: Шаблон:Ref
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RHa.svg
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RHa.svg
- ह্ (h) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature hra:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HRa.svg
Stacked conjuncts of ह
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- छ্ (cʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature cʰha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChHa.svg
- ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdHa.svg
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍʱha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdhHa.svg
- द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DHa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HBa.svg
- ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HCa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HJa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HJNya.svg
- ह্ (h) + क (ka) gives the ligature hka:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HKa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ल (la) gives the ligature hla:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HLa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature hḷa:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HLla.svg
- ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HMa.svg
- ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HNa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HNna.svg
- ह্ (h) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hña:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HNya.svg
- ह্ (h) + व (va) gives the ligature hva:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HVa.svg
- ह্ (h) + य (ya) gives the ligature hya:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HYa.svg
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NgHa.svg
- ट্ (ṭ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TtHa.svg
- ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭʰha:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TthHa.svg
Bengali Ha
The Bengali script হ is derived from the Siddhaṃ Файл:Siddham h.svg, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ह. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter হ will sometimes be transliterated as "ho" instead of "ha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ho/. Like all Indic consonants, হ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
| ha | hā | hi | hī | hu | hū | hr | hr̄ | he | hai | ho | hau | h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| হ | হা | হি | হী | হু | হূ | হৃ | হৄ | হে | হৈ | হো | হৌ | হ্ |
হ in Bengali-using languages
হ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with হ
Bengali হ does not form conjuncts like most other letters, and can only be found in conjunction with Repha and Ya-phala.[5]
- র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha, showing the repha prefix:
- র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with repha and the ya phala suffix:
Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rhya.svg
Gujarati Ha
Ha (હ) is the thirty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ha ह with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ha.
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, હ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr | Hl | Hr̄ | Hl̄ | Hĕ | He | Hai | Hŏ | Ho | Hau | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Gujarati Ha Matras.svg | ||||||||||||||||
| Gujarati Ha syllables, with vowel marks in red. | ||||||||||||||||
Conjuncts with હ
Gujarati હ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct RHa.svg
- હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct HRa.svg
- હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature HṆa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct HNna.svg
- હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct HNa.svg
- હ્ (h) + લ (la) gives the ligature HLa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct HLa.svg
- હ્ (h) + વ (va) gives the ligature HVa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct HVa.svg
Javanese Ha
Telugu Ha
Шаблон:Multiple image Ha (హ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಹ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ha
Ha (ഹ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Grantha letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ഹ
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:
Файл:Malayalam conjunct HNa.svg
- ഹ് (h) + മ (ma) gives the ligature hma:
Файл:Malayalam conjunct HMa.svg
Odia Ha
Шаблон:Multiple image Ha (ହ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
| Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | Hr̥ | Hr̥̄ | Hl̥ | Hl̥̄ | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ହ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.
Kaithi Ha
Ha (𑂯) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
| Ha | Hā | Hi | Hī | Hu | Hū | He | Hai | Ho | Hau | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
Conjuncts of 𑂯
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
- 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂯 (ha) gives the ligature rha:
Comparison of Ha
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ha, are related as well. Шаблон:Indic glyph
Character encodings of Ha
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Шаблон:Indic encoding
References
- Шаблон:Note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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