Английская Википедия:Hadhrami Arabic
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Hadhrami Arabic, or Ḥaḍrami Arabic (ḤA), is a variety of Arabic spoken by the Hadhrami people (Ḥaḍārem) living in the region of Hadhramaut in southeastern Yemen, with a small number of speakers found in Kenya.[1]
Phonology
The dialect in many towns and villages in the Wādī (valley) and the coastal region is characterised by its Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink-yodization, changing the Classical Arabic reflex Шаблон:IPAslink to the approximant Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAblink. That resembles some Eastern Arabian and Gulf dialects, including the dialects of Basra in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain other Arab Emirates. In educated speech, Шаблон:Lang is realised as a voiced palatal plosive Шаблон:IPAblink or affricate Шаблон:IPAblink in some lexical items which are marked [+ religious] or [+ educated] (see Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink below).
The Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink reflex is pronounced as a voiced velar Шаблон:IPAblink in all lexical items throughout the dialect. In some other Arabic dialects, Шаблон:IPAslink is realised as a voiceless uvular plosive Шаблон:IPAblink in certain marked lexemes [+ religious], [+ educational]: Шаблон:IPA “Qur’an”. With the spread of literacy and contact with speakers of other Arabic dialects, future sociolinguistic research may reveal whether using the uvular Шаблон:IPAslink in certain lexemes and retaining the velar Шаблон:IPAslink for others will occur.
Consonants
- Sounds Шаблон:IPA are phonetically noted as lamino-alveolar stops Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA is phonetically noted as an apical-alveolar stop Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA can be heard as a voiced palatal plosive or an affricate sound Шаблон:IPA.
- In the dialects of Al-Qarn, both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA can be heard as affricated Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA can be heard as labiodental Шаблон:IPA when preceding Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA can be heard as a palatal nasal Шаблон:IPA when following Шаблон:IPA. When preceding Шаблон:IPA, it is then heard as Шаблон:IPA.[2]
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | |
- There are five diphthongs noted as Шаблон:IPA.
In non-emphatic environments, Шаблон:IPA is realised as an open front (slightly raised) unrounded Шаблон:IPAblink. Thus, Шаблон:IPA "second," which is normally realised with an Шаблон:IPAblink-like quality in the Gulf dialects, is realised with an Шаблон:IPAblink.
| Phoneme | Allophone | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | in shortened, non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | in emphatic or emphatic-like environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of pharyngeal fricatives | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | in emphatic-like environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of emphatic consonants | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | in shortened, non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of labial or high articulated consonants | |
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of uvular or pharyngeal consonants | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | elsewhere in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | diphthongization occurs when in emphatic environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | elsewhere in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of emphatic environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | elsewhere in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of emphatic environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | elsewhere in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of emphatic environments | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | elsewhere in non-emphatic environments |
| Шаблон:IPA | within the positions of emphatic environments |
| Phoneme | Allophone |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Distinctions Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink are made in Wādī, but Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink are both pronounced Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAblink. The Coast merges all the pairs into the stops Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink), respectively.
The dialect is characterised by not allowing final consonant clusters to occur in final position. Thus, Classical Arabic Шаблон:IPA "girl" is realised as Шаблон:IPA. In initial positions, there is a difference between the Wādī and the coastal varieties. The coast has initial clusters in Шаблон:IPA "he wants," Шаблон:IPA "onions" and Шаблон:IPA "mail (n.)," but Wādī realises the second and third words as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively.
Morphology
When the first person singular comes as an independent subject pronoun, it is marked for gender: Шаблон:IPA for masculine and Шаблон:IPA for feminine. As an object pronoun, it comes as a bound morpheme: Шаблон:IPA for masculine and Шаблон:IPA for feminine. The first person subject plural is naḥnā.
The first person direct object plural is Шаблон:IPA rather than the Шаблон:IPA of many dialects. Thus, the cognate of the Classical Arabic Шаблон:IPA "he hit us" is Шаблон:IPA.
Stem VI, tC1āC2aC3, can be umlauted to tC1ēC2aC3, thus changing the pattern vowel ā to ē. That leads to a semantic change, as in Шаблон:IPA "they ran away suddenly" and Шаблон:IPA "they shirk, try to escape."
Intensive and frequentative verbs are common in the dialect. Thus Шаблон:IPA "to break" is intensified to Шаблон:IPA, as in Шаблон:IPA "he played rough." It can be metathesized to become frequentative, as in Шаблон:IPA "he made a series (lit. breaks) of giggles or laughs."
Syntax
The syntax has many similarities to other Peninsular Arabic dialects. However, the dialect contains a number of unique particles used for co-ordination, negation, and other sentence types. Examples in coordination include Шаблон:IPA "but, nevertheless, though," Шаблон:IPA (Classical Arabic Шаблон:IPA) "as for…," and Шаблон:IPA "or."
Like many other dialects, apophonic or ablaut passive (as in Шаблон:IPA "it was written") is not very common, and is mainly confined to clichés and proverbs from other dialects, including Classical Arabic.
The particle Шаблон:IPA developed semantically in the dialect to Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA "yet, already, almost, nearly" and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA "maybe, perhaps."
Vocabulary
There are a few lexical items that are shared with Modern South Arabian languages, which perhaps distinguish this dialect from other neighbouring Peninsular dialects. The effect of Hadhrami emigration to Southeast Asia (see Arab Indonesians and Arab Singaporeans), the Indian subcontinent and East Africa is clear in the vocabulary especially in certain registers like types of food and dress: Шаблон:IPA "sarong." Many loanwords are listed in al-Saqqaf (2006).[3]
See also
Notes
External links
https://www.grin.com/document/882658?lang=en Шаблон:Varieties of Arabic Шаблон:Languages of Yemen
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокe25не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
