Английская Википедия:Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance

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Шаблон:Muhammad Шаблон:Hadith Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance refers to a statement attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, in which he reportedly disinherited his family, leaving to his successor as a charitable endowment his properties, including a valuable share of the agricultural lands of Fadak near Medina. In Sunni sources, this hadith is narrated primarily on the authority of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, who is said to have cited it to reject the claims of Muhammad's daughter Fatima to Fadak. In contrast, the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance is rejected in Shia Islam. Rather than a financial dispute, the saga of Fadak is largely viewed as a political conflict over the succession to Muhammad between Abu Bakr and Ali. The latter was Muhammad's cousin and Fatima's husband.

Historical background

Fadak

Fadak was a village located to the north of Medina, at a distance of two days travel.Шаблон:Sfn As part of a peace treaty with a Jewish tribe, half of the agricultural land of Fadak was considered Шаблон:Transliteration and belonged to Muhammad,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima in Medina when verse 17:26 was revealed,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is the view of Shia authors,Шаблон:Sfn including al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Ayyashi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Among Sunnis, al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Dhahabi (Шаблон:Died in) are of this view, while al-Jurjani (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) are uncertain whether the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who were forbidden from receiving general alms.Шаблон:Sfn

Confiscation of Fadak

Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his caliphate, Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and evicted her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan (Banu Hashim) who had not yet pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr,Шаблон:Sfn or perhaps in retaliation for his exclusion by the Banu Hashim from the funeral rites of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn The confiscation of Fadak by Abu Bakr is the Shia view. In Sunni sources, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Among others, the Sunni al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) relates that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named Umm Aiman, are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn Khetia adds here that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.Шаблон:Sfn Shias similarly contend that the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.Шаблон:Sfn By one Shia account, Ali made this point to Abu Bakr, and added that the burden of proof was on Abu Bakr and not Fatima, whose agents administered the land at the time of the dispute.Шаблон:Sfn Sajjadi comments here that possession is the decisive factor in determining ownership in Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni Sibt ibn al-Jawzi (Шаблон:Died in) and the Shia al-Tabrisi (Шаблон:Died in) relate that Abu Bakr finally agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally Umar,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Other versions of this last account are collected in Sharh nahj al-balagha by the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

Hadith of inheritance

Most likely after Abu Bakr had rejected Fatima's claim of ownership, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr rejected this too, saying that Muhammad had disinherited his family,Шаблон:Sfn personally telling the former that prophets do not leave any inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the hadith of Muhammad's inheritance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The version reported by the Sunni al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) is as follows.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Blockquote

Abu Bakr added that he would administer those properties like Muhammad and that his kin should henceforth rely on general alms,Шаблон:Sfn which was forbidden for them in his lifetime because of their status of purity in the Quran. This prohibition is still upheld today by all schools of Islamic jurisprudence.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr thus deprived Muhammad's kin also of their Quranic share of the booty and Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn in verses 8:41 and 59:7, respectively, to which they were previously entitled instead of general alms.Шаблон:Sfn

Authenticity

In his al-Tabaqat al-kubra, the Sunni traditionist Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous companions of Muhammad, such as Umar, Uthman, and Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, he includes in these chains some prominent Hashimites, such as Ali and Ibn Abbas, who are both reported to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.Шаблон:Sfn

On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter Aisha, and Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan,Шаблон:Sfn though some primary sources have disputed the status of the last one as a companion of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn

Twelver scholars have mostly rejected the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance on the basis of statements by Fatima, Ali, and other Shia Imams, who are viewed as infallible and thus truthful in Twelver Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Other Twelvers have classified this hadith as a solitary narration (Шаблон:Transliteration),Шаблон:Sfn which is thus viewed as unreliable by experts.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, that Muhammad would make a statement without informing the parties involved was doubted by his widow Umm Salama, reports the Twelver al-Qazvini (Шаблон:Died in) in his Fatima al-Zahra: min al-mahd ilaal-lahd.Шаблон:Sfn

Sermon of Fadak

In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the Prophet's Mosque, known as the Sermon of Fadak.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among other sources, this sermon appears in the Sunni Balaghat al-nisa', an anthology of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is mostly rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn The version of this speech in Balaghat upholds Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn chastises Abu Bakr for denying Fatima of her inheritance,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn accuses him of (hadith) fabrication,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and adds that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn in which verse 27:16 describes how Solomon inherited from his father David,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and verse 19:6 is about how Zechariah prayed for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of Jacob.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance are also quoted in the speech in Balaghat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Contradiction with the Quran

The ostensible contradiction of the hadith of inheritance with the Quran has been noted by some contemporary authors,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and also explained to Abu Bakr by Ali in the account of the Sunni Ibn Sa'd.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, the Sunni Ibn Kathir, Abd al-Jabbar (Шаблон:Died in), and al-Haytami have attempted to justify the above contradiction with verses 27:16 and 19:6, arguing that the inheritance of the past prophets in these verses is knowledge and wisdom, rather than material property.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Sunni al-Zuhri (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Sa'd have instead argued that the hadith refers to Muhammad alone and not all the prophets,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though Madelung, Soufi, and Ibn Abi'l-Hadid reject this argument because it contradicts the text of the hadith (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shias have similarly rejected these claims, saying that the past prophets had also left material inheritances and that Abu Bakr's statement could not make an exception to the general application of the Quranic rules of inheritance. There also exist Shia traditions to the effect that Muhammad left another property inside Medina for Fatima.Шаблон:Sfn

Muhammad's widows

Abu Bakr terminated the status of purity of Muhammad's kin by requiring them to rely on general alms which Muhammad had forbidden for them in his lifetime.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the same time, Abu Bakr allowed the widows of Muhammad to inherit his quarters in Medina,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and particularly granted his daughter Aisha some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and in Bahrain.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By maintaining their status, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community that his daughter Aisha and the rest of the widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to Aslan.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung holds a similar view.Шаблон:Sfn

Politics

Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad had become the owner of Fadak as the leader of the Muslim community. To inherit this property as a prerogative by the Banu Hashim might have implied their authority over the community, which is likely why Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claims.Шаблон:Sfn This was the opinion of Jafri, and similar views are voiced by some others,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while el-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.Шаблон:Sfn Aslan suggests that Abu Bakr intended to strip the House of Muhammad from its privileged status, weaken its political might,Шаблон:Sfn and particularly undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. Aslan also justifies Abu Bakr's efforts as partly rooted in his conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly in the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Some contemporary authors have noted the poor relations between the two men.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

Шаблон:Columns-list

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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