Английская Википедия:Hadith of the position

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Muhammad

Шаблон:Hadith

The hadith of the position (Шаблон:Lang-ar) is a widely-reported saying (hadith), attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, that equates the standing of his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib to him with the standing of Aaron to Moses, with the exception that Ali is not a prophet. In Shia Islam, this hadith is invoked to prove Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad. In Sunni Islam, the hadith of the position primarily supports the belief in the finality of Muhammad in the chain of prophets.

Hadith of the position

The Sunni historian Ibn Hisham (Шаблон:Died in) ascribes to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Шаблон:Blockquote

A slightly different wording of this hadith appears in Шаблон:Transl, a canonical Sunni collection of traditions.Шаблон:Sfn It is also found in similar canonical Sunni compilations Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transl, another Sunni collection of hadiths, includes ten similar variants of this hadith.Шаблон:Sfn Elsewhere in Sunni literature, this tradition is also reported by Ibn Hisham (Шаблон:Died in) in his biographical Шаблон:Transl and by Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) in his collective biography, Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn This tradition also exists with similar wordings in Shia sources, such as Шаблон:Transl, a large anthology of hadiths compiled by the Shia traditionist al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and the theological Шаблон:Transl by the Shia jurist al-Qadi al-Nu'man (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

Context

The hadith of the position is associated with multiple occasions, including the two pacts of brotherhood between Muhammad and Ali, one before and one shortly after their migration to Medina.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muhammad likely made this biblical analogy also at the Ghadir Khumm, shortly before his death in 632 CE.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Most frequently, however, the hadith of the position is linked to the Expedition of Tabuk in 630Шаблон:Ndash631 against the Byzantine Empire.Шаблон:Sfn He is said to have left Ali in charge at Medina before leaving on his longest expedition.Шаблон:Sfn After he left, rumors surfaced that Ali was left behind because he was a burden to Muhammad, according to Ibn Hisham. Upon hearing this, his account continues, Ali left Medina and caught up with Muhammad, possibly in al-Jurf.Шаблон:Sfn He reassured him, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?"Шаблон:Sfn The prominent Shia theologian al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in) includes a more detailed response in his Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Blockquote

Most accounts of the expedition hold that Ali governed Medina in the absence of Muhammad,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including those found in the Шаблон:Transls by al-Bukhari, Muslim, and al-Tirmidhi. Alternatively, some Sunni authors place others in charge of Medina. In particular, al-Halabi (Шаблон:Died in) names three candidates, while Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) and Mughulta'i (Шаблон:Died in) name two. Ibn Kathir also includes a report that Ali was left only in charge of Muhammad's family and not Medina, although he also acknowledges the opposite views in the Шаблон:Transls.Шаблон:Sfn

Related to this biblical analogy, Muhammad is said to have named his two grandsons, that is, the two sons of Ali, after the two sons of Aaron. More specifically, he reputedly named Hasan and Husayn after Shabbar and Shabbir.Шаблон:Sfn This connection is apparently well-known today in South Asia,Шаблон:Sfn and in Persian and Urdu literatures.Шаблон:Sfn

Status of Aaron

Файл:Aaron in Dura Europos synagogue.jpg
Aaron in priestly garments, a temple painting in the Dura-Europos synagogue

The Quran and rabbinic literature are replete with references to the special status of Aaron and his progeny.Шаблон:Sfn In verses 20:29Шаблон:Ndash32 of the Quran, Moses asks God to include his brother Aaron in his prophetic mission.Шаблон:Sfn His prayer is answered by God, as evidenced by verses 20:36Шаблон:Ndash42, 25:35,Шаблон:Sfn and 28:35.Шаблон:Sfn Aaron thus becomes the chosen associate of Moses in his prophetic mission and in revelation,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as described in verses 21:48Шаблон:Ndash9 and 2:248 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn In Hebrew Bible, Aaron performs miracles and is entrusted with the esoteric knowledge of the scripture.Шаблон:Sfn

Descendants of Aaron

Also related here are the divine prerogatives bestowed upon the descendants of Aaron, as represented by this proclamation in the Hebrew Bible, "Behold, I give unto him [i.e., Aaron] My covenant of peace. And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood."Шаблон:Sfn This divine elevation of the prophets' families above others is also a recurring theme in the Quran, where the families of Muhammad and the past prophets are given a prominent role. In the Quran, God often selects the spiritual and material heirs to the previous prophets from their own kin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Golden calf

Aaron failed to prevent the Israelites from returning to idolatry, notes the Islamicist Gurdofarid Miskinzoda.Шаблон:Sfn She also suggests that Aaron joined the Israelites in worshiping their idol,Шаблон:Sfn although this is questioned by the Islamic philosopher Hossein Nasr and his coauthors who note that Aaron rebuked the Israelites and enjoined them to worship God in verse 20:90 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn Joseph Lumbard, another expert, writes that verse 20:88 of the Quran identifies Samiri as responsible for the idolatry of the Israelites.Шаблон:Sfn

Shia and Sufi views

In Shia and Sufi sources, Moses fulfills the function of prophecy (Шаблон:Transl) and Aaron that of sainthood (Шаблон:Transliteration), as with Muhammad and Ali, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn In Isma'ili Shia, Moses is counted as one of the seven 'speaking' prophets who brought divine laws to their followers, whereas Aaron is one of the seven 'silent' prophets who conveyed the hidden message of divine revelations to a select group of believers.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance in Shia Islam

Succession to Muhammad

As early as al-Kulayni, Shia authors have invoked the hadith of the position as evidence of the (usurped) right of Ali to succeed Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, al-Mufid writes that this hadith invested in Ali all the privileges of Aaron, except prophethood.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Ali was the deputy of Muhammad just as Aaron was the deputy of Moses,Шаблон:Sfn which readily implies that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, so the argument goes.Шаблон:Sfn

Similarly, the contemporary author Reza Aslan notes the succession of the previous prophets by their kin in the Quran and the analogy between Ali and Aaron in the hadith of the position. On this basis, he then argues that Ali was the natural successor of Muhammad and that his exclusion from the Saqifa affair after the death of Muhammad in 632 was a deliberate move. The exclusion of Ali, says Aslan, reflected the Quraysh's fear of combining prophethood and caliphate in the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan), lest they would grow too powerful.Шаблон:Sfn A conversation to this effect between the Hashemite Ibn Abbas and the second caliph Umar (Шаблон:Reign) is also cited by Wilferd Madelung (Шаблон:Died in) and Moojan Momen, two modern Islamicists.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Imamate

A broader Shia interpretation of the hadith of the position is that its biblical analogy attaches the authority of Ali and his select descendants to the authority of Muhammad, implying that the political and spiritual leadership of the Shia imams is the natural continuation of Muhammad's prophetic authority.Шаблон:Sfn Connected with this hadith is also the Shia belief that their imams have inherited the prophet's esoteric knowledge and his functions, excluding only direct revelation.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, the divinely-inspired Shia imams are believed to be the interpreters par excellence of the inner dimension (Шаблон:Transl) of the Quran, and these 'two weights' are said to never separate in the prophetic [[Hadith al-Thaqalayn|hadith of the Шаблон:Transl]] (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn

Significance in Sunni Islam

The Sunni historian al-Shahrastani (Шаблон:Died in) writes that the descendants of Muhammad have inherited a special knowledge of the Quran, just as the descendants of Aaron possess a special version of the Torah.Шаблон:Sfn In his commentary of Шаблон:Transl, the Sunni traditionist al-Nawawi (Шаблон:Died in) acknowledges the Shia implications of this hadith.Шаблон:Sfn So do al-Halabi in his Шаблон:Transl and the contemporary Siddiqi in his edition of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Despite its Shia coloring, however, the hadith of the position has remained in Sunni sources, perhaps because it serves as an important piece of evidence for the finality of Muhammad in the chain of prophets.Шаблон:Sfn

Debates

Файл:Hadith of Position.jpg
Hadith of position, engraved on the door of the great mosque of Kufa, present-day Iraq

In response to Shia claims, Sunni scholars argue that the hadith of the position is irrelevant to Muhammad's succession because Aaron died before Moses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Shia jurist Sharif al-Murtada (Шаблон:Died in) counters that had Aaron survived Moses, the former would have indeed succeeded the latter.Шаблон:Sfn In this vein, the Shia al-Kulayni claims that Moses' successor Joshua later designated the progeny of Aaron to succeed him instead of his own or Moses' descendants.Шаблон:Sfn

Alternatively, the Sunni scholars al-Baqillani (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Juwayni (Шаблон:Died in) have limited the scope of the hadith of the position to imply only the temporary deputyship of Ali in Medina, similar to the temporary deputyship of Aaron when Moses went to Mount Sinai. If this was indeed a temporary assignment, the Shia theologian Abu al-Fawaris counters, then Muhammad's exclusion of Ali from prophethood would have been unnecessary.Шаблон:Sfn

The Sunni scholar Siddiqi rejects the Shia interpretation of the hadith of the position, saying that it refers to the family ties between Muhammad and Ali rather than the caliphate. He argues, "Aaron was the cousin of Moses and so was the case with Ali and the holy prophet."Шаблон:Sfn This is rejected by Miskinzoda, who notes that the Quran frequently refers to Aaron as a brother of Moses in verses 7:142, 19:53, and 28:25. In Jewish tradition, Exodus 6:20 similarly holds that Jochebed bore Amran (Imran) his two sons, namely, Aaron and Moses.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, for Miskinzoda, that Aaron was Moses' brother whereas Ali was Muhammad's cousin is a limitation of the biblical analogy in the hadith of the position. She suggests that perhaps the two pacts of brotherhood (Шаблон:Transliteration) between Muhammad and Ali partially addressed this limitation by emphasizing the closeness of the two men.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

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Footnotes

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References

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