Английская Википедия:Hadith of the twelve successors
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Islam Шаблон:Hadith The hadith of the twelve successors (Шаблон:Lang-ar-at) is a widely-reported prophecy, attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, predicting that there would be twelve successors after him. As there were many more rulers after Muhammad, Sunni authors have variously identified these twelve successors with some of these rulers. In Twelver Shia, these successors are instead identified with their Twelve Imams. Their last imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, is believed to miraculously remain in occultation since 874 CE, and is expected to return in the end of times to eradicate injustice and evil.
Sunni sources
Several variants of the hadith of twelve successors appear in Sunni sources, usually related on the authority of Jabir ibn Samura (Шаблон:Died in), a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but also narrated from other companions, such as Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (Шаблон:Died in), Anas ibn Malik (Шаблон:Died in), Umar (Шаблон:Died in), Wasila ibn Asqa', Abd Allah ibn Umar (Шаблон:Died in), Abu Huraira (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn Salman the Persian (Шаблон:Died in), Aisha (Шаблон:Died in), and Uthman (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn In particular, the Sunni jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Шаблон:Died in) furnishes this hadith with thirty-four chains of transmission, all of which lead to Jabir ibn Samura.Шаблон:Sfn A version of this hadith in the canonical Sunni compilations Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl quotes Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn
In fact, Шаблон:Transl dedicates a whole section to variants of this hadith,Шаблон:Sfn and such statements are also cited by Sunni scholars Na'im ibn Hammad (Шаблон:Died in), al-Tirmidhi (Шаблон:Died in), al-Tabarani (Шаблон:Died in), al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (Шаблон:Died in), and Ibn Asakir (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn A version of the hadith cited by the Sunni traditionist Abu Dawud (Шаблон:Died in) adds that the Islamic community would be united during the reign of these twelve successors.Шаблон:Sfn Another version in Шаблон:Transl reads similarly, "People's affairs will be properly conducted as long as twelve men will lead them."Шаблон:Sfn Therein another close variant is, "This religion [Islam] will be exalted as long as there are twelve successors."Шаблон:Sfn Yet another version of the hadith predicts that anarchy and turmoil would prevail after the reign of these twelve successors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some versions even imply that the world will end after these twelve successors. For instance, a version of the hadith quoted by Abu Dawud reads, "This religion [Islam] will exist as long as there exist twelve successors from the Quraysh," which implies that the total lifespan of these twelve successors extends to the end of time.Шаблон:Sfn In some versions of this hadith, Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) or Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) or Шаблон:Transl appear instead of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In another version, these twelve successors are compared to the twelve leaders (Шаблон:Transl) of the Bani Isra'il.Шаблон:Sfn In favor of its authenticity, the Islamicist Hossein Modarressi argues that the hadith of twelve successors must have been in circulation during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (Шаблон:Reign), long before the reported occultation (Шаблон:Transl) of the twelfth and final Shia imam Muhammad al-Mahdi in 874 CE.Шаблон:Sfn
Identification with the caliphs
Some have argued that these twelve successors cannot be the first twelve caliphs after Muhammad because that list includes Yazid I (Шаблон:Reign) who killed Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and assaulted Medina, a city held sacred in Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, in his commentary on Шаблон:Transl, the Sunni theologian al-Qastallani (Шаблон:Died in) suggests that this hadith may refer to twelve (non-consecutive) Muslim rulers, whose relatively stable reign was followed by the unstable rule of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid II (Шаблон:Reign). Even though he does not name them, he is probably referring to the four Rashidun caliphs (Шаблон:Reign), Mu'awiya I (Шаблон:Reign) and his son Yazid I, Abd al-Malik (Шаблон:Reign) and his four sons, and Umar II (Шаблон:Reign). The second proposal of al-Qastallani is that the hadith may refer to twelve concurrent claimants to the caliphate who supposedly competed for power in the eleventh century. His third proposal is that the hadith may refer to the golden age of Islam that ended with the death of Umar II in 720. This means fourteen rulers, however, rather than twelve. So, al-Qastallani removes Mu'awiya II (Шаблон:Reign) and Marwan I (Шаблон:Reign), saying that their reigns were too short. He does, however, retain Hasan ibn Ali (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni jurist al-Nawawi (Шаблон:Died in) interprets this hadith similarly in his commentary on Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn By contrast, with an anti-Umayyad attitude, the Sunni author al-Fadl ibn Ruzbihan (sixteenth century) identifies the twelve successors in the hadith as the "five" (rather than four) Rashidun caliphs, followed by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Umar II, and five unnamed Abbasid caliphs.Шаблон:Sfn Such interpretations have been criticized for the absence of a clear distinction between the proposed twelfth successor and the next caliph.Шаблон:Sfn
Twelver Shia sources
Before the occultation
Perhaps the earliest Shia versions of the hadith of twelve successors appear in Шаблон:Transl, attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays (Шаблон:Died in), who might have been a companion of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia imam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn One version therein is related on the authority of Ali and some other Shia figures, including Abd Allah ibn Ja'far (Шаблон:Died in) and Salman the Persian. According to this version, shortly before his death in 632, Muhammad told his companions at the Ghadir Khumm,Шаблон:Sfn
Until the late ninth century, however, such statements in Шаблон:Transl did not garner much attention among the Imamite Shias,Шаблон:Sfn the antecedents of the Twelver Shias.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, the hadith of twelve successors is absent from the works of the Imamite scholars of that time, including Muhammad ibn al-Haan al-Saffar (Шаблон:Died in), Sa'd ibn Abd Allah al-Ash'ari (Шаблон:Died in), and Ibn Qiba (died before 930).Шаблон:Sfn It was probably some decades after the occultation of their twelfth imam in 874 that the Imamites realized that their line of imams may not continue as before and identified their twelfth imam with the eschatological Mahdi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Only then the number of Shia imams became a central issue for the community.Шаблон:Sfn
After the occultation
The Shia traditionists al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Babawahy (Шаблон:Died in) were among the first who reported hadiths that set the number of Shia imams at twelve. In particular, al-Kulayni dedicates a chapter in his hadith collection Шаблон:Transl to the number of imams.Шаблон:Sfn Sulaym's version of the hadith is also cited by the Shia authors al-Kulayni, al-Nu'mani (tenth century), and al-Tusi (Шаблон:Died in), while the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi (Шаблон:Died in) questions its authenticity.Шаблон:Sfn Another version of the hadith, cited by Ibn Babawahy on the authority of Ibn Abbas (Шаблон:Died in), youngest cousin of Muhammad, explicitly identifies the twelfth successor as the twelfth Shia imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is often referred to as al-Qa'im (Шаблон:Lit) in the Twelver hadith literature.
Identification with the Twelve Imams
Noting that there have been many more (temporal) rulers after Muhammad, Twelver authors readily identify the twelve successors in this hadith with their Twelve Imams.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the Twelver cleric Ja'far Sobhani argues that the dignity of Islam rests on these twelve successors, and this alone disqualifies the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, in his view.Шаблон:Sfn The last of these imams, Muhammad al-Mahdi, is believed to miraculously remain in occultation since 874, and is expected to return in the end of times to eradicate injustice and evil.Шаблон:Sfn Even beyond Twelver Shias, the belief in the eschatological figure of Mahdi is popular among all Muslims, possibly owing to numerous traditions to this effect in canonical Sunni and Shia sources.Шаблон:Sfn Mohammad Ali Shomali, a Shia scholar and an academic, links the occultation of the twelfth Shia imam to those Sunni versions of the hadith of twelve successors that imply the continuation of their reign until the end of times.Шаблон:Sfn
Zaydi sources
Variants of this hadith also appear in Zaydi Shia sources. The Zaydi scholar Abu Sa'id Abbad al-Asfari (Шаблон:Died in) quotes Muhammad in his Шаблон:Transl,
See also
Footnotes
References
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