Английская Википедия:Haitian Creole
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language
Haitian Creole (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-ht, Шаблон:IPA-ht;[1][2] Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:IPA-fr), or simply Creole, is a French-based creole language spoken by 10–12Шаблон:Nbspmillion people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of Haiti (the other being French), where it is the native language of the vast majority of the population.[3][4] Northern, Central, and Southern dialects are the three main dialects of Haitian Creole. The Northern dialect is predominantly spoken in Cap-Haïtien, Central is spoken in Port-au-Prince, and Southern in the Cayes area.[5]
The language emerged from contact between French settlers and enslaved Africans during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in the 17th and 18th centuries.[6][7] Although its vocabulary largely derives from 18th-century French, its grammar is that of a West African Volta-Congo language branch, particularly the Fongbe and Igbo languages.[7] It also has influences from Spanish, English, Portuguese, Taino, and other West African languages.[8] It is not mutually intelligible with standard French, and has its own distinctive grammar. Haitians are the largest community in the world speaking a modern creole language, according to some sources.[9] However, this is disputable, as Nigerian Pidgin may have more speakers.
The usage of, and education in, Haitian Creole has been contentious since at least the 19thШаблон:Nbspcentury. Some Haitians view French as a legacy of colonialism, while Creole has been maligned by francophones as a miseducated person's French.[10][11] Until the late 20thШаблон:Nbspcentury, Haitian presidents spoke only standard French to their fellow citizens, and until the 21st century, all instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in modern standard French, a second language to most of their students.[3]
Haitian Creole is also spoken in regions that have received migration from Haiti, including other Caribbean islands, French Guiana, Martinique, France, Canada (particularly Quebec) and the United States (including the U.S. state of Louisiana).[12] It is related to Antillean Creole, spoken in the Lesser Antilles, and to other French-based creole languages.
Etymology
The word creole comes from the Portuguese term Шаблон:Lang, which means "a person raised in one's house" and from the Latin Шаблон:Lang, which means "to create, make, bring forth, produce, beget".[13][14] In the New World, the term originally referred to Europeans born and raised in overseas colonies[2] (as opposed to the European-born peninsulares). To be "as rich as a Creole" at one time was a popular saying boasted in Paris during the colonial years of Saint-Domingue, for being the most lucrative colony in the world.[15] The noun Creole eventually came to denote mixed-race Creole peoples and their mixed Creole languages.[2][14]
Origins
Шаблон:Main Haitian Creole contains elements from both the Romance group of Indo-European languages through its superstrate, French, as well as influences from African languages.[16][17][18] There are many theories on the formation of the Haitian Creole language.
One theory estimates that Haitian Creole developed between 1680 and 1740.[19][20][21] During the 17th century, French and Spanish colonizers produced tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane on the island.[21] Throughout this period, the population was made of roughly equal numbers of Шаблон:Lang (white workers), Шаблон:Lang (free people of colour) and slaves.[22] The economy shifted more decisively into sugar production about 1690, just before the French colony of Шаблон:Lang was officially recognized in 1697.[6][20] The sugar crops needed a much larger labor force, which led to an increase in slave trafficking . In the 18th century an estimated 800,000 West Africans were enslaved and brought to Saint-Domingue.[21] As the slave population increased, the proportion of French-speaking colonists decreased.
Many African slaves in the colony had come from Niger-Congo-speaking territory, and particularly speakers of Kwa languages, such as Gbe from West Africa and the Central Tano languages, and Bantu languages from Central Africa.[20] Singler suggests that the number of Bantu speakers decreased while the number of Kwa speakers increased, with Gbe being the most dominant group. The first fifty years of Шаблон:Lang's sugar boom coincided with emergent Gbe predominance in the French Caribbean. In the interval during which Singler hypothesizes the language evolved, the Gbe population was around 50% of the kidnapped enslaved population.[20]
Classical French (Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (Norman, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang dialects, Gallo and Picard) were spoken during the 17th and 18th centuries in Шаблон:Lang, as well as in New France and French West Africa.[2][23] Slaves lacked a common means of communication and as a result would try to learn French to communicate with one another, though most were denied a formal education. With the constant trafficking and enslavement of Africans, the language became increasingly distinct from French. The language was also picked up by other members of the community and became used by the majority of those born in what is now Haiti.[2]
Saint Dominican Creole French
Шаблон:See Шаблон:Over-quotation Шаблон:Importance section
In Saint-Domingue, people of all classes spoke Creole French. There were both lower and higher registers of the language, depending on education and class. Creole served as a lingua franca throughout the West Indies.[24]
Difference between Haitian Creole and French
Haitian Creole and French have similar pronunciations and also share many lexical items.[25][26] However, many cognate terms actually have different meanings. For example, as Valdman mentions in Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin, the word for "frequent" in French is Шаблон:Lang; however, its cognate in Haitian Creole Шаблон:Lang means 'insolent, rude, and impertinent' and usually refers to people.[27] In addition, the grammars of Haitian Creole and French are very different. For example, in Haitian Creole, verbs are not conjugated as they are in French.[2] Additionally, Haitian Creole possesses different phonetics from standard French; however, it is similar in phonetic structure.[25] The phrase-structure is another similarity between Haitian Creole and French but differs slightly in that it contains details from its African substratum language.[25]
Both Haitian Creole and French have also experienced semantic change: words that had a single meaning in the Шаблон:Nowrap have changed or have been replaced in both languages.[2] For example, "Шаблон:Lang" ("What is your name?") corresponds to the French Шаблон:Lang Although the average French speaker would not understand this phrase, every word in it is in fact of French origin: Шаблон:Lang "who"; Шаблон:Lang "manner"; Шаблон:Lang "you", and Шаблон:Lang "to call", but the verb Шаблон:Lang has been replaced by Шаблон:Lang in modern French and reduced to a meaning of "to flag down".[2]
Lefebvre proposed the theory of relexification, arguing that the process of relexification (the replacement of the phonological representation of a substratum lexical item with the phonological representation of a superstratum lexical item, so that the Haitian creole lexical item looks like French, but works like the substratum language(s)) was central in the development of Haitian Creole.[28]
The Fon language, also known as the Fongbe language, is a modern Gbe language native to Benin, Nigeria and Togo in West Africa. This language has a grammatical structure similar to Haitian Creole, possibly making Creole a relexification of Fon with vocabulary from French. The two languages are often compared:[29]
| French | Fon | Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang[30] | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the house |
Taino influence
There are a number of Taino influences in Haitian Creole; many objects, fruit and animal names are either haitianize or have a similar pronunciation. Many towns, places or sites have their official name being a translation of the Taino word.
| Taino | Haitian Creole | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Ayiti, Ayti | Ayiti, Haiti | The name of the country and the island |
| Gonaibo | Gonayiv, or Gonaïves | The biggest city and capital of Artibonite |
| Yaguana | Leyogàn, Léogane | A coastal town south of Port-au-Prince and capital of the cacicat of Xaragua |
| Guanabo | Gonav, Gonâve or Lagonav | The biggest satellite island of Hispaniola and last refuge of the Taino |
| Jatibonico | Latibonit or Artibonite | The longest river of Hispaniola and the biggest and most populous département of Haiti. In Taino the word mean "sacred water" |
| Canari | Kannari | A clay pot to keep water cool |
| Amani-y | Amani-y | The nickname of the town of Saint-Marc and famous beach |
| Mamey | Mamey, or Abriko | The nickname of the town of Abricots |
| Tiburon | Tibiwon | The same word means "Tiburon", a coastal town in the South Peninsula (also called Tiburon Peninsula) and a river near the town |
| Mabouya | Mabouya | Iguana |
| Mabi | Mabi | A bitter drink known in the West Indies as Mauby |
| Bajacu | Bayakou | The northern star, dawn, a Vodoun Loa associated with the star |
Langay
Langay is a specialized vocabulary used in Haiti for religion, song, and dance purposes. It appears to not be an actual language, but rather an assortment of words, songs, and incantations – some secret – from various languages once used in Haitian Vodoun ceremonies.
History
Early development
Haitian Creole developed in the 17th and 18th centuries in the colony of Saint-Domingue, in a setting that mixed speakers of various Niger–Congo languages with French colonials.[6] In the early 1940s under President Шаблон:Lang, attempts were made to standardize the language. American linguistic expert Frank Laubach and Irish Methodist missionary H. Ormonde McConnell developed a standardized Haitian Creole orthography. Although some regarded the orthography highly, it was generally not well received.[31] Its orthography was standardized in 1979. That same year Haitian Creole was elevated in status by the Act of 18 September 1979.[32] The Шаблон:Lang established an official orthography for Creole, and slight modifications were made over the next two decades. For example, the Шаблон:Nowrap is no longer used, nor is the apostrophe.[33]Шаблон:Rp[10]Шаблон:Rp The only accent mark retained is the grave accent in Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr.[10]Шаблон:Rp
Becoming an official language
The Constitution of 1987 upgraded Haitian Creole to a national language alongside French.[34] It classified French as the Шаблон:Lang or "language of instruction", and Creole was classified as an Шаблон:Lang or a "tool of education". The Constitution of 1987 names both Haitian Creole and French as the official languages, but recognizes Haitian Creole as the only language that all Haitians hold in common.[35]Шаблон:Rp[36] French is spoken by only a small percentage of citizens.[6][12]
Literature development
Even without government recognition, by the end of the 19th century, there were already literary texts written in Haitian Creole such as Шаблон:Lang's Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang's Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang was another influential author of Haitian Creole work. Since the 1980s, many educators, writers, and activists have written literature in Haitian Creole. In 2001, Open Gate: An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry was published. It was the first time a collection of Haitian Creole poetry was published in both Haitian Creole and English.[37] On 28 October 2004, the Haitian daily Шаблон:Lang first published an entire edition in Haitian Creole in observance of the country's newly instated "Creole Day".[38]Шаблон:Rp Haitian Creole writers often use different literary strategies throughout their works, such as code-switching, to increase the audience's knowledge on the language.[12] Literature in Haitian Creole is also used to educate the public on the dictatorial social and political forces in Haiti.[12]
List of Haitian Creole-language writers
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1962), poet and novelist
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1936), poet, playwright, painter, musician, activist
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1967), international press activist
- Шаблон:Lang (1942-2017), poet, novelist and art critic
- Шаблон:Lang (1912-1998), poet and playwright
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1956), writer and visual artist
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1956), poet and novelist
- Шаблон:Lang (b. 1982), poet
Sociolinguistics
Role in society
Although both French and Haitian Creole are official languages in Haiti, French is often considered the high language and Haitian Creole as the low language in the diglossic relationship of these two languages in society.[27] That is to say, for the minority of Haitian population that is bilingual, the use of these two languages largely depends on the social context: standard French is used more in public, especially in formal situations, whereas Haitian Creole is used more on a daily basis and is often heard in ordinary conversation.[39]
There is a large population in Haiti that speaks only Haitian Creole, whether under formal or informal conditions:Шаблон:Blockquote
Use in educational system
In most schools, French is still the preferred language for teaching. Generally speaking, Creole is more used in public schools,[40] as that is where most children of ordinary families who speak Creole attend school.
Historically, the education system has been French-dominant. Except the children of elites, many had to drop out of school because learning French was very challenging to them and they had a hard time to follow up.Шаблон:Citation needed The Bernard Reform of 1978 tried to introduce Creole as the teaching language in the first four years of primary school; however, the reform overall was not very successful.[41] The use of Creole has grown; after the earthquake in 2010, basic education became free and more accessible to the monolingual masses.Шаблон:Citation needed In the 2010s, the government has attempted to expand the use of Creole and improve the school system.[42][43]
Orthography
Haitian Creole has a phonemic orthography with highly regular spelling, except for proper nouns and foreign words. According to the official standardized orthography, Haitian Creole is composed of the following 32 symbols: Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr.[1]Шаблон:Rp The letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr are always associated with another letter (in the multigraphs Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr). The Haitian Creole alphabet has no Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr; when Шаблон:Angbr is used in loanwords and proper nouns, it represents the sounds Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA.[10]Шаблон:Rp
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- There are no silent letters in the Haitian Creole orthography.
- Шаблон:AnchorAll sounds are always spelled the same, except when a vowel carries a grave accent Шаблон:Nowrap, which makes it an oral vowel instead of a nasal vowel:
- Шаблон:Nowrap and Шаблон:Nowrap;
- Шаблон:Nowrap and Шаблон:Nowrap; and
- Шаблон:Nowrap and Шаблон:Nowrap.
- When immediately followed by a vowel in a word, the digraphs denoting the nasal vowels (Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, and sometimes Шаблон:Angbr) are pronounced as an oral vowel followed by Шаблон:IPA.
- There is some ambiguity in the pronunciation of the high vowels of the letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr when followed in spelling by Шаблон:Angbr.[44] Common words such as Шаблон:Lang ("person") and Шаблон:Lang ("car") end with consonantal Шаблон:IPA, while very few words, mostly adopted from African languages, contain nasalized high vowels, as in Шаблон:Nowrap.
- The diphthong Шаблон:IPA is extremely rare, and maybe only exists in the common word uit (← French huit) "eight". Most other instances of this diphthong have been replaced by Шаблон:IPA, e.g. fwi (← fruit) "fruit", nwit (← nuit) "night".
Haitian orthography debate
The first technical orthography for Haitian Creole was developed in 1940 by H. Ormonde McConnell and Primrose McConnell, Irish Methodist missionaries. It was later revised with the help of Frank Laubach, resulting in the creation of what is known as the McConnell–Laubach orthography.[10]Шаблон:Rp[45]
The McConnell–Laubach orthography received substantial criticism from members of the Haitian elite. Haitian scholar Charles Pressoir critiqued the McConnell–Laubach orthography for its lack of codified front rounded vowels, which are typically used only by francophone elites.[10]Шаблон:Rp Another criticism was of the broad use of the letters Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr, which Pressoir argued looked "too American".[10]Шаблон:Rp This criticism of the "American look" of the orthography was shared by many educated Haitians, who also criticized its association with Protestantism.[10]Шаблон:Rp The last of Pressoir's criticisms was that "the use of the circumflex to mark nasalized vowels" treated nasal sounds differently from the way they are represented in French, which he feared would inhibit the learning of French.[10]Шаблон:Rp
The creation of the orthography was essentially an articulation of the language ideologies of those involved and brought out political and social tensions between competing groups. A large portion of this tension lay in the ideology held by many that the French language is superior, which led to resentment of the language by some Haitians and an admiration for it from others.[10]Шаблон:Rp This orthographical controversy boiled down to an attempt to unify a conception of Haitian national identity. Where Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr seemed too Anglo-Saxon and American imperialistic, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr were symbolic of French colonialism.[46]Шаблон:Rp
French-based orthography
When Haiti was still a colony of France, edicts by the French government were often written in a French-lexicon creole and read aloud to the slave population.[47] The first written text of Haitian Creole was composed in the French-lexicon in a poem called Lisette quitté la plaine in 1757 by Duvivier de la Mahautière, a white Creole planter.[47][48]
Before Haitian Creole orthography was standardized in the late 20th century, spelling varied, but was based on subjecting spoken HaitianШаблон:NbspCreole to written French, a language whose spelling has a complicated relation to pronunciation. Unlike the phonetic orthography, French orthography of HaitianШаблон:NbspCreole is not standardized and varies according to the writer; some use exact French spelling, others adjust the spelling of certain words to represent pronunciation of the cognate in HaitianШаблон:NbspCreole, removing the silent letters. For example:
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Abbr "He goes to work in the morning") could be transcribed as:
- Шаблон:Lang,
- Шаблон:Lang, or (disagreement, Lui is never used in Haitian creole)
- Шаблон:Lang.
Grammar
Haitian Creole grammar is highly analytical: for example, verbs are not inflected for tense or person, and there is no grammatical gender, which means that adjectives and articles are not inflected according to the noun. The primary word order is subject–verb–object as it is in French and English.
Many grammatical features, particularly the pluralization of nouns and indication of possession, are indicated by appending certain markers, like Шаблон:Lang, to the main word. There has been a debate going on for some years as to whether these markers are affixes or clitics, and if punctuation such as the hyphen should be used to connect them to the word.[10]Шаблон:Rp
Although the language's vocabulary has many words related to their French-language cognates, its sentence structure is like that of the West African Fon language.[29]
| Haitian Creole | Fon | French | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | my bike |
| Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | my bikes |
Pronouns
There are six pronouns: first, second, and third person, each in both singular, and plural; all are of French etymological origin.[49] There is no difference between direct and indirect objects.
| Haitian Creole | Fon[20]Шаблон:Rp | French | English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long form | Short form[33]Шаблон:Rp[50] | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | me | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:LangШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | you (singular), thou (archaic) |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:LangШаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang | she, her | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | him, it | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | her, it | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | him, her, it | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | him, her, it | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we, us |
| Шаблон:Lang[51]Шаблон:Rp | you (plural)Шаблон:Efn | |||
| Шаблон:LangШаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | they |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | them | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||||
Possessive pronouns
Singular
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mine (masculine) |
| Шаблон:Lang | mine (feminine) | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | yours (masculine) |
| Шаблон:Lang | yours (feminine) | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | his/hers/its (masculine) |
| Шаблон:Lang | his/hers/its (feminine) | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ours |
| Шаблон:Lang | yours ("of you-PLURAL") | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | theirs |
Plural
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mine |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | yours |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | his/hers/its |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ours |
| Шаблон:Lang | yours ("of you-PLURAL") | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | theirs |
Plural of nouns
Definite nouns are made plural when followed by the word Шаблон:Lang; indefinite plural nouns are unmarked.
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the books |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the cars |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the girls put on dresses |
Possession
Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed. In the Capois dialect of northern Haiti, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is placed before the possessive pronoun. Note, however, that this is not considered the standard Kreyòl most often heard in the media or used in writing.[52]
Possession does not indicate definiteness ("my friend" as opposed to "a friend of mine"), and possessive constructions are often followed by a definite article.
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | his money |
| her money | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | my family |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang (Capois dialect) | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | their house |
| Шаблон:Lang | their houses | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | your father |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Pierre's cat |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Marie's chair |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Jean's father's friend |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | our friend's neighbor's father |
Indefinite article
The language has two indefinite articles, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA) which correspond to French Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang is derived from the French Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap. Both are used only with singular nouns, and are placed before the noun:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | a knife |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | a necktie |
| Шаблон:Lang |
Definite article
In Haitian Creole, the definite article has five forms,[53]Шаблон:Rp and it is placed after the noun it modifies. The final syllable of the preceding word determines which form the definite article takes.[54]Шаблон:Rp If the last sound is an oral consonant or a glide (spelled 'y' or 'w'), and if it is preceded by an oral vowel, the definite article is Шаблон:Lang:
| Haitian Creole | French | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the tie | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the book | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the house | From French "la cahut(t)e" (English "hut, shack") |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the crow |
If the last sound is an oral consonant and is preceded by a nasal vowel, the definite article is Шаблон:Lang:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the lamp |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the bank |
If the last sound is an oral vowel and is preceded by an oral consonant, the definite article is Шаблон:Lang:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the knife |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the country |
If the last sound is any oral vowel other than i or ou and is preceded by a nasal consonant, then the definite article is also a:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the army |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the pineapple |
| dine a | le dîner | the dinner |
| nò a | le nord | the north |
If a word ends in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, or if it ends with any nasal vowel, then the definite article is an:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the family |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the knee |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the dog |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the bridge |
If the last sound is a nasal consonant, the definite article is Шаблон:Lang, but may also be Шаблон:Lang:
| Haitian Creole | French | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the car | |
| Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the telephone | The spelling "telefòn" is also attested. |
| Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | the woman | |
| Шаблон:Lang |
Demonstratives
There is a single word Шаблон:Lang that corresponds to English "this" and to "that" (and to French Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang). As in English, it may be used as a demonstrative, except that it is placed after the noun that it qualifies. It is often followed by Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (in order to mark number): Шаблон:Lang ("this here" or "that there"):
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | this garden is beautiful |
| that garden is beautiful |
As in English, it may also be used as a pronoun, replacing a noun:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | this is my friend |
| that is my friend | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | this is my brother's dog |
| that is my brother's dog |
Verbs
Many verbs in Haitian Creole are the same spoken words as the French infinitive, but there is no conjugation in the language; the verbs have one form only, and changes in tense, mood, and aspect are indicated by the use of markers:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he goes to work in the morning |
| Шаблон:Lang | she goes to work in the morning | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he sleeps in the evening |
| Шаблон:Lang | she sleeps in the evening | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he reads the Bible |
| Шаблон:Lang | she reads the Bible | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I make food |
| I cook | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we always study |
Copula
The concept expressed in English by the [[copula (linguistics)|verb "toШаблон:Nbspbe"]] is expressed in Haitian Creole by three words, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and sometimes Шаблон:Lang.
The verb Шаблон:Lang (pronounced similarly to the English word "say") is used to link a subject with a predicate nominative:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he is my brother |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I'm a doctor |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | this is a mango tree |
| that is a mango tree | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we are friends |
The subject Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang can sometimes be omitted with Шаблон:Lang:Шаблон:Clarify
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | that's a good idea |
| this is a good idea | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | that's my new shirt |
| this is my new shirt |
To express "I want to be", usually Шаблон:Lang ("toШаблон:Nbspbecome") is used instead of Шаблон:Lang.
| Haitian Creole | French | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he will be my Шаблон:Nowrap | he will be my stepbrother |
| Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I want to become a doctor | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | that will become a mango tree | |
| this will become a mango tree | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we will be friends | |
Шаблон:Lang also means "toШаблон:Nbspbe", but is placed exclusively at the end of a sentence, after the predicate and the subject (in that order):
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I am Haitian |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Lang | How are you? |
Haitian Creole has stative verbs, which means that the verb "toШаблон:Nbspbe" is not[[Covert (linguistics)|Шаблон:Nbspcovert]] when followed by an adjective. Therefore, Шаблон:Lang means both "sick" and "Шаблон:Nowrap":
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I have a sick sister |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | my sister is sick |
To have
The verb "to have" is Шаблон:Lang, often shortened to Шаблон:Lang.
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I have money in the bank |
There is
The verb Шаблон:Lang (or Шаблон:Lang) also means "there is" or "there are":
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | there are many Haitians in Florida |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | there is someone here |
| there is someone there | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | there is nobody here |
| there is nobody there |
To know
The Haitian Creole word for "to know" and "to know how" is Шаблон:Lang, which is often shortened to Шаблон:Lang.
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Do you know his name? |
| Do you know her name? | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I know where he is |
| Шаблон:Lang | I know where she is | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I know how to cook (Шаблон:Abbr "I know how to make food") |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Have you been to Haiti? (Шаблон:Abbr "Do you know to go to Haiti?") |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | He cannot read French (Шаблон:Abbr "He doesn't know how to read French") |
| Шаблон:Lang | She cannot read French (Шаблон:Abbr "She doesn't know how to read French") |
To do
Шаблон:Lang means "do" or "make". It has a broad range of meanings, as it is one of the most common verbs used in idiomatic phrases.
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | How did you learn to speak Haitian Creole? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Marie knows how to make cornmeal. |
To be able to
The verb Шаблон:Lang (or shortened to Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) means "to be able to (do something)". It refers to both "capability" and "availability":
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I can go tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | maybe I can do that tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we can go later |
Tense markers
There is no conjugation in Haitian Creole. In the present non-progressive tense, one just uses the basic verb form for stative verbs:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I speak Creole |
When the basic form of action verbs is used without any verb markers, it is generally understood as referring to the past:
| Haitian Creole | French | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | I ate |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | you ate |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | he ate |
| Шаблон:Lang | she ate | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | we ate |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | they ate |
| Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang means both "food" and "to eat", as Шаблон:Lang does in Canadian FrenchШаблон:Citation needed; Шаблон:Lang means "I am eating good food".
For other tenses, special "tense marker" words are placed before the verb. The basic ones are:
| Tense marker | Tense | Annotations |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | simple past | from French Шаблон:Lang ("been") |
| Шаблон:Lang | past progressive | a combination of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, "was doing" |
| Шаблон:Lang | present progressive | with Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, the pronouns nearly always take the short form (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, etc.). From 18th-century French Шаблон:Lang, progressive form |
| Шаблон:Lang | future | some limitations on use. From French Шаблон:Lang ("to have to") |
| Шаблон:Lang | near or definite future | translates to "going to". Contraction of French Шаблон:Lang ("going to") |
| Шаблон:Lang | conditional future | a combination of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ("will do") |
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I ate |
| I had eaten | |
| Шаблон:Lang | you ate |
| you had eaten | |
| Шаблон:Lang | he ate |
| she ate | |
| he had eaten | |
| she had eaten | |
| Шаблон:Lang | we ate |
| we had eaten | |
| Шаблон:Lang | they ate |
| they had eaten |
Past progressive:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I was eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | you were eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | he was eating |
| she was eating | |
| Шаблон:Lang | we were eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | they were eating |
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I am eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | you are eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | he is eating |
| she is eating | |
| Шаблон:Lang | we are eating |
| Шаблон:Lang | they are eating |
For the present progressive, it is customary, though not necessary, to add Шаблон:Lang ("rightШаблон:Nbspnow"):
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I am eating right now |
| Шаблон:Lang | they are eating right now |
Also, Шаблон:Lang can mean "will eat" depending on the context of the sentence:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I will eat after I pray |
| I am eating after I pray | |
| Шаблон:Lang | I will not say that |
| I am not saying that |
Near or definite future:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I am going to eat |
| Шаблон:Lang | you are going to eat |
| Шаблон:Lang | he is going to eat |
| she is going to eat | |
| Шаблон:Lang | we are going to eat |
| Шаблон:Lang | they are going to eat |
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | see you later (Шаблон:Abbr "we will see later") |
Other examples:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I saw your friend yesterday |
| Шаблон:Lang | we spoke for a long time |
| Шаблон:Lang | when he was eight years old... |
| when she was eight years old... | |
| Шаблон:Lang | I will work |
| Шаблон:Lang | I'm going to work |
| Шаблон:Lang | we'll read it tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | we are going to read it tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | I was walking and I saw a dog |
Recent past markers include Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (both mean "just" or "just now" and are often used together):
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | I just entered the house |
A verb mood marker is Шаблон:Lang, corresponding to English "would" and equivalent to the French conditional tense:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | they would like to play |
| Шаблон:Lang | I would come if I had a car |
| Шаблон:Lang | he would forget you if you weren't here |
| she would forget you if you weren't here |
Negation
The word Шаблон:Lang comes before a verb and any tense markers to negate it:
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Rose doesn't want to go |
| Шаблон:Lang | Rose didn't want to go |
Lexicon
Most of the lexicon of Creole is derived from French, with significant changes in pronunciation and morphology; often the French definite article was retained as part of the noun. For example, the French definite article la in la lune ("the moon") was incorporated into the Creole noun for moon: Шаблон:Lang. However, the language also inherited many words of different origins, among them Wolof, Fon, Kongo, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Taino and Arabic.Шаблон:Citation needed
Haitian Creole creates and borrows new words to describe new or old concepts and realities. Examples of this are Шаблон:Lang which was borrowed from English and means "to move backwards" (the original word derived from French is Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang), and also from English, napkin, which is being used as well as Шаблон:Lang, from the French Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Citation needed
Sample
| Haitian Creole | IPA | Origin | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ablado[55] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-es | "a talker" |
| anasi | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-ak | spider |
| annanna | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-tnq; also used in French | pineapple |
| Ayiti | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-tnq | Haiti ("mountainous land") |
| bagay | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | thing |
| bannann | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | banana/plantain |
| bekàn | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | bicycle |
| bokit[8] | Шаблон:IPA | bucket | |
| bòkò | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fon | sorcerer |
| Bondye | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | God |
| chenèt | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr (French Antilles) | gap between the two front teeth |
| chouk | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-ff | poke |
| dekabès | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-es | two-headed win during dominos |
| dèyè | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | behind |
| diri | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | rice |
| èkondisyone | /ɛkondisjone/ | air conditioner | air conditioner |
| Etazini[56] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | United States |
| fig | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | banana[57] |
| je | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | eye |
| kannistè[8] | Шаблон:IPA | canister | tin can |
| kay | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | house |
| kle | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | key, wrench |
| kle kola | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | bottle opener |
| cola | |||
| kònfleks | Шаблон:IPA | corn flakes | breakfast cereal |
| kawotchou | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | tire |
| lalin | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | moon |
| li | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | he, she, him, her, it |
| makak | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | monkey |
| manbo | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-kg or Шаблон:Lang-fon | vodou priestess |
| marasa | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-kg | twins |
| matant | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | aunt, aged woman |
| moun | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | people, person |
| mwen | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | I, me, my, myself |
| nimewo | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | number |
| oungan | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fon | vodou priest |
| piman | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | a very hot pepper |
| pann | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | clothesline |
| podyab | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr or Шаблон:Lang-es | poor devil |
| pwa | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | bean |
| sapat[55] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-es; Шаблон:Lang-fr | sandal |
| seyfing | Шаблон:IPA | surfing | sea-surfing |
| tonton | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | uncle, aged man |
| vwazen | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | neighbor |
| zonbi | Шаблон:IPA | Kongo: nzumbi
or English: zombie |
soulless corpse, living dead, ghost, zombie |
| zwazo | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang-fr | bird |
Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang
Although Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang have similar words in French (Шаблон:Lang, a pejorative to refer to black people, and Шаблон:Lang, meaning white, or white person), the meanings they carry in French do not apply in Haitian Creole. Шаблон:Lang means "a person" or « a man » (like "guy" or "dude" in American English).[58] The word Шаблон:Lang generally means "foreigner" or "not from Haiti". Thus, a non-black Haitian man (usually biracial) could be called Шаблон:Lang, while a black person from the US could be referred to as Шаблон:Lang.[58][59]
Etymologically, the word Шаблон:Lang is derived from the French Шаблон:Lang and is cognate with the Spanish Шаблон:Lang ("black", both the color and the people).
There are many other Haitian Creole terms for specific tones of skin including Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. Some Haitians consider such labels as offensive because of their association with color discrimination and the Haitian class system, while others use the terms freely.
Examples
Salutations
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| A demen! | See you tomorrow! |
| A pi ta! | See you later! |
| Adye! | Good bye! (permanently) |
| Anchante! | Nice to meet you! (Шаблон:Abbr. "enchanted!") |
| Bon apre-midi! | Good afternoon! |
| Bòn chans! | Good luck! |
| Bòn nui! | Good night! |
| Bonjou! | Good day! |
| Good morning! | |
| Bonswa! | Good evening |
| Dezole! | Sorry! |
| Eskize m! | Excuse me! |
| Kenbe la! | Hang in there! (informal) |
| Ki jan ou rele? | What's your name? |
| Ki non ou? | |
| Ki non w? | |
| Kòman ou rele? | |
| Mwen releШаблон:Nbsp | My name is... |
| Non m se. | |
| Ki jan ou ye? | How are you? |
| Ki laj ou? | How old are you? (Шаблон:Abbr. "What is your age?") |
| Ki laj ou genyen? | |
| Kòman ou ye? | How are you? |
| Kon si, kon sa | So, so |
| Kontinye konsa! | Keep it up! |
| M ap boule | I'm managing (informal; Шаблон:Abbr. "I'm burning") (common response to sa kap fèt and sak pase) |
| M ap kenbe | I'm hanging on (informal) |
| M ap viv | I'm living |
| Mal | Bad |
| Men wi | Of course |
| Mèsi | Thank you |
| Mèsi anpil | Many thanks |
| Mwen byen | I'm well |
| Mwen dakò | I agree |
| Mwen gen an | I'm years old |
| Mwen la | I'm so-so (informal; Шаблон:Abbr. "I'm here") |
| N a wè pita! | See you later! (Шаблон:Abbr. "We will see later!") |
| Orevwa! | Good bye (temporarily) |
| Pa mal | Not bad |
| Pa pi mal | Not so bad |
| Padon! | Pardon! |
| Sorry! | |
| Move! | |
| Padone m! | Pardon me! |
| Forgive me! | |
| Pòte w byen! | Take care! (Шаблон:Abbr. "Carry yourself well!") |
| Sa k ap fèt? | What's going on? (informal) |
| What's up? (informal) | |
| Sa k pase? | What's happening? (informal) |
| What's up? (informal) | |
| Tout al byen | All is well (Шаблон:Abbr. "All goes well") |
| Tout bagay anfòm | Everything is fine (Шаблон:Abbr. "Everything is in form") |
| Tout pa bon | All is not well (Шаблон:Abbr. "All is not good") |
Proverbs and expressions
Proverbs play a central role in traditional Haitian culture and Haitian Creole speakers make frequent use of them as well as of other metaphors.[60]
Proverbs
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Men anpil, chay pa lou | Strength through unity[61] (Шаблон:Abbr. "With many hands, the burden is not heavy";[62] Haitian Creole equivalent of the French on the coat of arms of Haiti, which reads Шаблон:Lang) |
| Apre bal, tanbou lou | There are consequences to your actions (Шаблон:Abbr. "After the dance, the drum is heavy")[63] |
| Sak vid pa kanpe | No work gets done on an empty stomach (Шаблон:Abbr. "An empty bag does not stand up")[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Pitit tig se tig | Like father like son (Шаблон:Abbr. "The son of a tiger is a tiger") |
| Ak pasyans w ap wè tete pis | Anything is possible (Шаблон:Abbr. "With patience you will see the breast of the ant") |
| Bay kou bliye, pote mak sonje | The giver of the blow forgets, the carrier of the scar remembers |
| Mache chèche pa janm dòmi san soupe | You will get what you deserve |
| Bèl dan pa di zanmi | Not all smiles are friendly |
| Bèl antèman pa di paradi | A beautiful funeral does not guarantee heaven |
| Bèl fanm pa di bon mennaj | A beautiful wife does not guarantee a happy marriage |
| Dan konn mòde lang | People who work together sometimes hurt each other (Шаблон:Abbr. "Teeth are known to bite the tongue") |
| Sa k rive koukouloulou a ka rive kakalanga tou | What happens to the dumb guy can happen to the smart one too (Шаблон:Abbr. "What happens to the turkey can happen to the rooster too")[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Chak jou pa Dimanch | Your luck will not last forever (Шаблон:Abbr. "Not every day is Sunday") |
| Fanm pou yon tan, manman pou tout tan | A woman is for a time, a mother is for all time[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Nèg di san fè, Bondye fè san di | Man talks without doing, God does without talking[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Sa Bondye sere pou ou, lavalas pa ka pote l ale | What God has saved for you, nobody can take it away |
| Nèg rich se milat, milat pòv se nèg | A rich negro is a mulatto, a poor mulatto is a negro |
| Pale franse pa di lespri | Speaking French does not mean you are smart[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Wòch nan dlo pa konnen doulè wòch nan solèy | The rock in the water does not know the pain of the rock in the sun[65] |
| Ravèt pa janm gen rezon devan poul | Justice will always be on the side of the stronger[66] (Шаблон:Abbr. "A cockroach in front of a chicken is never correct") |
| Si ou bwè dlo nan vè, respèkte vè a | If you drink water from a glass, respect the glass |
| Si travay te bon bagay, moun rich ta pran l lontan | If work were a good thing, the rich would have grabbed it a long time ago |
| Sèl pa vante tèt li di li sale | Let others praise you (lit. "Salt doesn't brag that it's salty," said to those who praise themselves) |
| Bouch granmoun santi, sak ladan l se rezon | Wisdom comes from the mouth of old people (Шаблон:Abbr. "The mouth of the old stinks but what's inside is wisdom") |
| Tout moun se moun | Everyone matters (Шаблон:Abbr. "Everybody is a person")[67] |
Expressions
| Haitian Creole | English |
|---|---|
| Se lave men, siye l atè | It was useless work (Шаблон:Abbr. "Wash your hands and wipe them on the floor") |
| M ap di ou sa kasayòl te di bèf la | Mind your own business |
| Li pale franse | He cannot be trusted, he is full of himself (Шаблон:Abbr. "He speaks French")[68] |
| Kreyòl pale, kreyòl konprann | Speak straightforwardly and honestly (Шаблон:Abbr. "Creole talks, Creole understands")[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Bouche nen ou pou bwè dlo santi | You have to accept a bad situation (Шаблон:Abbr. "Pinch your nose to drink smelly water")[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Mache sou pinga ou, pou ou pa pile: "Si m te konnen!" | "Be on your guard, so you don't have to say: 'If only I'd known!'"[64]Шаблон:Rp |
| Tann jis nou tounen pwa tann | To wait forever (Шаблон:Abbr. "left hanging until we became string beans" which is a word play on tann, which means both "to hang" and "to wait") |
| San pran souf | Without taking a breath; continuously |
| W ap konn jòj | Warning or threat of punishment or reprimand (Шаблон:Abbr. "You will know George") |
| Dis ti piti tankou ou | Dismissing or defying a threat or show of force (Шаблон:Abbr. "Ten little ones like you couldn't.") |
| Lè poul va fè dan | Never (Шаблон:Abbr. "When hens grow teeth")[69] |
| Piti piti zwazo fè nich li | You will learn (Шаблон:Abbr. "Little by little the bird makes its nest")[64]Шаблон:Rp |
Usage abroad
United States and Canada
Haitian Creole is used widely among Haitians who have relocated to other countries, particularly the United States and Canada. Some of the larger Creole-speaking populations are found in Montreal, Quebec (where French is the official language), New York City, Boston, and Central and South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Palm Beach). To reach out to the large Haitian population, government agencies have produced various public service announcements, school-parent communications, and other materials in Haitian Creole. For instance, Miami-Dade County in Florida sends out paper communications in Haitian Creole in addition to English and Spanish. In the Boston area, the Boston subway system and area hospitals and medical offices post announcements in Haitian Creole as well as English.[70] North America's only Creole-language television network is HBN, based in Miami. These areas also each have more than half a dozen Creole-language AM radio stations.[71]
Haitian Creole and Haitian culture are taught in many colleges in the United States and the Bahamas. York College at the City University of New York features a minor in Haitian Creole.[72] Indiana University has a Creole Institute[73] founded by Albert Valdman where Haitian Creole, among other facets of Haiti, are studied and researched. The University of Kansas, Lawrence has an Institute of Haitian studies, founded by Bryant Freeman. The University of Massachusetts Boston, Florida International University, and University of Florida offer seminars and courses annually at their Haitian Creole Summer Institute. Brown University, University of Miami, Tulane University, and Duke University[74] also offer Haitian Creole classes, and Columbia University and NYU have jointly offered a course since 2015.[75][76] The University of Chicago began offering Creole courses in 2010.[77]
Шаблон:As of, the New York City Department of Education counted 2,838 Haitian Creole-speaking English-language learners (ELLs) in the city's K–12 schools, making it the seventh most common home language of ELLs citywide and the fifth most common home language of Brooklyn ELLs.[78]Шаблон:Rp Because of the large population of Haitian Creole-speaking students within NYC schools, various organizations have been established to respond to the needs of these students. For example, Flanbwayan and Gran Chimen Sant Kiltirèl, both located in Brooklyn, New York, aim to promote education and Haitian culture through advocacy, literacy projects, and cultural/artistic endeavors.[79]
Cuba
Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in Cuba after Spanish,[80][81] where over 300,000 Haitian immigrants speak it. It is recognized as a minority language in Cuba and a considerable number of Cubans speak it fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and do not possess Haitian ancestry, but merely learned it in their communities. In addition, there is a Haitian Creole radio station operating in Havana.[81]
Dominican Republic
Шаблон:See also Шаблон:As of, the language was also spoken by over 450,000 Haitians who reside in the neighboring Dominican Republic,[82] although the locals do not speak it. However, some estimates suggest that there are over a million speakers due to a huge population of undocumented immigrants from Haiti.[83]
The Bahamas
As of 2009, up to 80,000 Haitians were estimated residing in the Bahamas,[84] where about 20,000 speak Haitian Creole. It is the third most‑spoken language after English and Bahamian Creole.[85]
Software
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, international aid workers desperately needed translation tools for communicating in Haitian Creole. Furthermore, international organizations had little idea whom to contact as translators. As an emergency measure, Carnegie Mellon University released data for its own research into the public domain.[86] Microsoft Research and Google Translate implemented alpha version machine translators based on the Carnegie Mellon data.
Several smartphone apps have been released, including learning with flashcards by Byki and two medical dictionaries, one by Educa Vision and a second by Ultralingua, the latter of which includes an audio phrase book and a section on cultural anthropology.
See also
Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Portal
- Afro-Brazilians
- Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen
- Antillean Creole French
- Creole language
- Louisiana Creole French
- Michel DeGraff
- Radio Haiti-Inter
References
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Wikibooks Шаблон:Wikiversity
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Haitian Creole basic vocabulary (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- Haitian Creole-English dictionary (PDF) Шаблон:Webarchive
Шаблон:Haiti topics Шаблон:Languages derived from French Шаблон:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Glottolog
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Synthesis inline span
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Tézil, David. 2019. The nasalization of the Haitian Creole determiner La in non-nasal contexts: a variationist sociolinguistic study. PhD dissertation, Indiana University. (Têzil 2019, p. 9, notes: "[T]his variety is frequently subject to depreciative [sic] attitudes, as Capois speakers face the predominance of Port-au-Prince Creole...")
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 64,0 64,1 64,2 64,3 64,4 64,5 64,6 64,7 64,8 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 81,0 81,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ethnologue – Bahamas (18th ed.)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Haitian Creole
- French-based pidgins and creoles
- Languages of Haiti
- Languages of Costa Rica
- Languages of the Dominican Republic
- Languages of the Bahamas
- Languages of the United States
- Subject–verb–object languages
- Languages of the African diaspora
- Articles containing video clips
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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