Английская Википедия:Hajong language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Hajong is an Indo-Aryan language with a possible Tibeto-Burman language substratum. It is spoken by approximately 80,000 ethnic Hajongs across the northeast of the Indian subcontinent, specifically in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal in present-day India, and the divisions of Mymensingh and Sylhet in present-day Bangladesh. It is written in Bengali-Assamese script and Latin script. It has many Sanskrit loanwords. The Hajongs originally spoke a Tibeto-Burman language, but it later mixed with Assamese and Bengali.

Old Hajong

Шаблон:Unreferenced section The language now spoken by the Hajong people may be considered an Indo-Aryan language because of language shift from a Tibeto-Burman language.Шаблон:Citation needed Old Hajong or Khati Hajong may have been related to Garo, of Tibeto-Burman origin.

Variations

The Hajong Language varies within the clans because of regional variations. There are five notable clans of the Hajong people.

• Doskinâ'
• Korebari
• Susung'yâ'
• Barohazari'
• Miespe'ryâ'

Writing system

The Hajong language is written by using both the Latin and the Bengali scripts. Although both scripts are used in India, the Hajongs in Bangladesh expect to use the Bengali script since most education is in Bengali medium. However, Hajongs living is Dhemaji and surrounding areas use Assamese script. In each script, there is one added unique symbol for the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. In Latin script, it is written with "â" or simply a' or e' and in the Eastern Nagari script with "Шаблон:Lang" at the end of a syllable.

Phonology

Hajong has 23 consonant phonemes, 8 vowel phonemes, and 2 approximants that have some characteristics of consonants: /w/ and /j/ act as diphthongs. The vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɔ/ and /ɯ/ (close, back, unrounded). Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, Hajong language has only one 'i' and 'u'. It is somewhat ambiguous whether the final vowel is a phoneme or an allophone of [a] in the environment of other close vowels. The extra vowel /ɯ/ does not occur in other Indo-Aryan languages but is typical for the Tibeto-Burman family. Codas j and ch in the final position of a syllable turns into an s sound. Hajong includes some vowel harmony and the devoicing of final consonants. For separating syllables the apostrophe sign (') or hyphen (-) is used.

Consonant phonemes

Consonants	Example	Meaning
Velar
k	kan	ear
kh	khawa	food
g	gang	river
gh	ghor	house
ng	gang	river
Dental
t	tula	your
th	tho	keep
d	dang'o	big
dh	dhor	hold
n	nak	nose
l	tel	oil
s	sor	move
r	rang'a	red
Palatal
ch	cha	tea
j	jor	fever
jh	jhala	spicy
sh	shongko	conch
Bilabial
p	pukhi	bird
ph	phol	fruit
b	bak	tiger
bh	bhou'i	field
m	mao	mother
Glottal
h	hilde'	yellow

Vowel phonemes

IPA	Latin	Assamese	Pronunciation
/a/	a	আ	a of car
/i/	i	ই	i of kill
/u/	u	উ	u of put
/ɛ/	e	এ	a of thank
/e/	ei	ঐ	ay of say
/o/	ou	ঔ	o of old
/ɔ/	o	অ	eo of George
/ɯ/	e'	অৗ	i of girl

Vowels play an important role in changing the meaning of words and the grammatical structure of sentences. Unlike in most other Indo-Aryan languages like Assamese and Bengali, Hajong has no distinction between longer and shorter /i/ and /u/. The Assamese script lacks some vowels unique to Hajong phonology, which is gradually leading to a vowel shift. Since vowels play an important role in Hajong grammar, the grammatical structure is also changing.

Diphthongs

Hajong phonology has diphthongs which are iotized vowels with j(y) and w. Diphthongs are usually combinations of i or u with other vowel phonemes. Common examples of diphthongs are ya, as in Dyao, which is the combined form of i and a; wa, as in khawa, which is the combination of u and a; yuh, as in muh'yuh, combination of i and uh, and wuh, as in tuhwuhi, combination of u and uh.

Grammar

Hajong primarily has a canonical word order of subject–object–verb, and the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear or usually appear in that order. Hajong has a strong tendency to use postpositions, rather than prepositions; to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb; to place genitive noun phrases before the possessed noun; and to have subordinators appear at the end of subordinate clauses.

Hajong is an agglutinative language in which words are often combined and compressed, and there is often no pause between words of a sentence.

Even though it is considered an Eastern Indo-Aryan language, Hajong does not conjugate verbs in the same way as Bengali or Asamiya but rather has a simplified system. The case endings in Hajong are also unique compared to other Indo-Aryan languages and may represent affinity with Tibeto-Burman languages. The following table is taken from Phillips:

Hajong	Hajong (in IPA)	English	Case
বুৰি-ৰৗ	buri-rɯ	the old woman	unmarked
বুৰি-ৰৗগে	buri-rɯge	to the old woman	dative
বুৰি-লৗ	buri-lɯ	of the old woman	genitive
বুৰি নি	buri ni	to/at the old woman	locative
বুৰি ভায়	buri bʰaʲ	to the old woman	allative
বুৰি থিকি	buri t̪ʰiki	from the old woman	ablative
বুৰি দিঅৗ	buri diɯ	through/by the help of the old woman	instrumental

The genitive and unmarked or accusative cases have two forms; re'/ra and le'/la. For words ending with the vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ it becomes ra and la and for /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ and /ɯ/ it becomes re' and le'. The vowels /ɛ/(e) and /ɔ/(o) are used to end interrogative sentences, like 'Bhat khase?'(have you taken your food?) and 'Bhat khabo?'(Do you want to eat?); and the vowels /e/(ei) and /o/(ou) are used at the end of declarative sentences, as in 'Bhat khasei.'([I] have taken my food.) and 'Bhat Khabou'([I] will eat.). Adding the suffix be' or ba to interrogative words turn them into indefinite pronouns; for example, kibe' means something, kei'be' means someone, kumaba means somewhere and also ke'ibe', kageba, kunde'be' and kalaba means 'I don't know who/whom/which/whose' respectively in English. Similarly adding the suffix ha and ga to verbs means 'come and (verb)' and 'go and (verd)' respectively; for example, khaha means come and eat, niha means come and take; khaga means go and eat and niga means go and take.

Honorifics

A unique feature of Hajong is the use of honorifics. When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker usually uses special nouns or verb endings to indicate the subject's superiority. Unlike Assamese, Bengali, Sylheti and other Indo-Aryan languages, there is no word like আপুনি/আপনি/আফনে(apuni/apni/afne) to substitute you. Instead, Hajong has a different way to indicate supremacy of the other person. For elders and others of high ranking, people second-person and third-person pronouns are never used. One must always refer elders with their name or their honorary title. Ending words with 'ge' and 'ha' is also a form of showing respect to another person.

Sample phrases

Phrases from the Hajong – English Phrase Book:

Hajong Phrases	Hajong Latin Script	Meaning
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Where are you going?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	How are you?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	You came? Come inside.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	It was good of you to come.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Have you eaten?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Will you take tea?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	What village are you from?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	I am from Tangabari.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Now where do you live?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Where is your house?
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	My house is in Hawakhana.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Explain this to him.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Write it here.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	I'm going.
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	We will meet again.

References

• Шаблон:Citation