Английская Википедия:Halmidi inscription

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Файл:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG
A replica of the original Halmidi inscription at Halmidi village

The Halmidi inscription is the oldest known Kannada-language inscription in the Kadamba script. While estimates vary slightly, the inscription is often dated to between 450 CE - 500 CE. The inscription was discovered in 1936 by Dr. M. H. Krishna, the Director of Archaeology of the (princely) State of Mysore (present-day Karnataka region of India), in Halmidi, a village in the Hassan district.

The original inscription is kept in the Office of the Director of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Karnataka, Mysore,[1] and a fibreglass replica has been installed in Halmidi.

Discovery and dating

In a report published in a Mysore Archaeological Department Report (MAR) in 1936, Krishna dated the inscription to 450 AD, on paleographical grounds.[1][2] Later scholars have variously dated the inscription to 450 AD,[3] 470 AD,[4] 500 AD,[5] "about 500",[6] and "end of the fifth century A. D. or the beginning of the 6th century A.D."[7] Epigraphist, D. C. Sircar has dated the inscription to "about the end of the 6th century."[8]

Epigraphist, K. V. Ramesh has written about the differing estimates: Шаблон:Quotation He also hypothesized that, compared to possibly contemporaneous Sanskrit inscriptions, "Halmidi inscription has letters which are unsettled and uncultivated, no doubt giving an impression, or rather an illusion, even to the trained eye, that it is, in date, later than the period to which it really belongs, namely the fifth century A.D."[9]

Epigraphist G. S. Gai however disagrees with the view that Halmidi is a record of the Kadamba dynasty identified with King Kadamba Kakusthavarman. According to Шаблон:Harv, the inscription, which is dedicated to "Kadambapan Kakustha-Bhaṭṭōran," refers to another ruler, Kakustha of the Bhaṭāri family, who is explicitly identified in line 13, "Шаблон:Lang;" in addition, the inscription does not "include any of the epithets like Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and most important Шаблон:Lang"[10] that are a part of all Kadamba inscriptions.

Textual analysis

Файл:Halmidi oldKannada inscription mounted.JPG
The replica of the Halmidi inscription mounted on a pedestal

The inscription is in verse form indicating the authors of the inscription had a good sense of the language structure.[11] The inscription is written in pre-old Kannada (Puruvada-hala Kannada), which later evolved into old Kannada, middle Kannada and eventually modern Kannada.[12] The Halmidi inscription is the earliest evidence of the usage of Kannada as an administrative language.[13]

Text

Файл:Halmidi inscription translation.JPG
The Halmidi inscription transliterated into modern Kannada script
Файл:Halmidi oldKannada inscription translation1.JPG
The Halmidi inscription translated into modern Kannada language

The pillar on which the inscription was written stands around Шаблон:Convert high. The following lines are carved on the front of the pillar:

1. Шаблон:Lang
2. Шаблон:Lang
3. Шаблон:Lang
4. Шаблон:Lang
5. Шаблон:Lang
6. Шаблон:Lang
7. Шаблон:Lang
8. Шаблон:Lang
9. Шаблон:Lang
10. Шаблон:Lang
11. Шаблон:Lang
12. Шаблон:Lang
13. Шаблон:Lang
14. Шаблон:Lang
15. Шаблон:Lang

The following line is carved on the pillar's left face:

16. Шаблон:Lang

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  12. ↑ M. Chidananda Murthy, Inscriptions (Kannada) in Шаблон:Harvnb
  13. ↑ Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717
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