Английская Википедия:Han Sorya

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Han Sorya (Шаблон:Lang-ko, born Han Pyŏngdo;Шаблон:Sfn 3 August 1900 – 6 April 1976) was a Korean writer, literary administrator and politician who spent much of his career in North Korea. Regarded as one of the most important fiction writers in North Korean history, Han also served as head of the Korean Writers' Union and Ministry of Education.

During his career, Han survived a number of purges that were caused by factional strife within the Workers' Party of North Korea, to become a member of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. Han, motivated by personal grievances against his rival writers, sometimes acted as the force behind the purges within the cultural establishment as well. Han himself was purged in 1962. In his works, Han offered some of the earliest known contributions to the cult of personality of Kim Il-sung. His influence is felt in North Korea even today, though his name has been forgotten from official histories. Han's best-known work, the anti-American novella Jackals, however, has been invoked in the 2000s.

Early life

Han was born on 3 August 1900 in Hamhung, in the north of Korea, Empire of Japan. His father was a county magistrate. He graduated from middle school in 1919 and attended Nippon University in Tokyo from 1921 to 1924,Шаблон:Sfn studying sociology.Шаблон:Sfn He emigrated to Manchuria in 1925 but returned to Seoul in the south in 1927.Шаблон:Sfn In 1944, he returned to his native Hamhung. After the liberation of Korea, he settled in Pyongyang.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Han was one of the most prominent fiction writers in the history of North Korean literature.[1] During his career, Han earned the official title of "the greatest writer of modern Korean literature", which he shared with Yi Kiyŏng, and was called a "living classic".Шаблон:Sfn Han's career was at its height from 1955 to 1957.Шаблон:Sfn Han, along with Kim Tu-bong, shaped North Korea's cultural policies.[2]

In Japanese-occupied Asia

Before the division and independence of Korea from Japan, Han was an insignificant author. His subsequent fame would only be due to his association with the Шаблон:Interlanguage link (KAPF),[3] which he joined in Seoul in 1927. The organization had been founded in 1925 during his emigration in Manchuria,Шаблон:Sfn and after the liberation it would have been the only left-leaning Korean literary organization. For this reason, Kim Il Sung would promote writers like Han who had belonged to it and exaggerated their achievements.[3]

During the early 1930s, Han did briefly associate himself with leftist ideas, but later, during the Pacific War, he became a pro-Japanese writer.Шаблон:Sfn He also joined pro-Japanese writers' organizations.Шаблон:Sfn After the war, he reinvented his image abruptly. Besides the Japanese, he also distanced himself from the Domestic faction of the Workers' Party,Шаблон:Sfn though some scholars like Шаблон:Interlanguage link explicitly include him in the faction.Шаблон:Sfn From this position, he played an important role in opposing the Soviet Koreans faction during the late 1950s.Шаблон:Sfn

Emigration

After the liberation of Korea, writers were faced with the task of establishing a national literature. Some, like Шаблон:Interlanguage link, sought to gather a wide range of both moderate and progressive writers to write "democratic national literature".Шаблон:Sfn A writers' association called the Шаблон:Interlanguage link (MR: Шаблон:Transliteration) was founded in 1945 immediately after the liberation by Kim and others. Han, however, disagreed with this approach, accusing it of forgetting class questions.Шаблон:Sfn Since the 1930s, Han had already had bad personal relations with these writers originally hailing from the south of Korea. The struggle for dominance in the North Korean literary bureaucracy made them worse.Шаблон:Sfn In retaliation Han, together with other writers including Yi Kiyŏng, founded the Korean Proletarian Literature Alliance (MR: Шаблон:Transliteration).Шаблон:Sfn For Han's purposes his fellow writer Yi Kiyŏng, though respected, was not particularly interested in political matters and thus posed no threat to Han's own aspirations.Шаблон:Sfn The two organizations became merged to form Шаблон:Interlanguage link (MR: Шаблон:Transliteration) in late 1945.Шаблон:Sfn Disapproving of this, Han moved to the north of the country, and was one of the first writers to do so.Шаблон:Sfn

In North Korea

Soon after starting his career in North Korea, Han had become one of the earliest and most enthusiastic admirers of Kim Il Sung,Шаблон:Sfn with whom he had met in February 1946.Шаблон:Sfn Han acted in his writing as a "curator of the personality cult" of Kim Il-sungШаблон:Sfn and was, in effect, the official hagiographer of Kim.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, the cult's beginnings can be traced as far back as 1946Шаблон:Sfn when Han coined the appellation "our Sun" to describe Kim.Шаблон:Sfn Han was also the first to employ the phrase "Sun of the Nation" in referring to Kim.Шаблон:Sfn Considered protégé of Kim,[4] Han survived the purge of the Domestic faction.Шаблон:Sfn The August faction criticized Han for his close ties with Kim Il Sung.Шаблон:Sfn

Writers opposing Han, such as Шаблон:Interlanguage link, were purged because of their connections with South Korean communists. When the Domestic faction, including its leader Pak Hon-yong, were purged,Шаблон:Sfn Han attacked their associates in the literary circles from 1953 onwards.Шаблон:Sfn Later, between 1955 and 1957, Han attacked the Soviet Koreans faction,Шаблон:Sfn accusing them of "factional, splitting activity"Шаблон:Sfn and "not allow[ing] the party and the people to demonstrate their good feeling and love toward their leader".Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that Han influenced Kim Il Sung to wage his campaign against the Soviet Koreans' faction specifically on the literary front, culminating in Kim's famous "Juche speech" of 1955: On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work.Шаблон:Sfn The speech credits Han for uncoveringШаблон:Sfn "serious ideological errors on the literary front"[5] and can be considered an expression of public support for Han.Шаблон:Sfn In editions after Han's purge in 1962, his name is omitted or replaced with the expression "prominent proletarian writers".Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:1952-10 1952年10月2日亚洲太平洋区域和平会议美国代表团长与朝鲜代表韩雪野.png
Han Sorya meeting Americans in 1952. Han's best-known work, Jackals, and his legacy is known for anti-Americanism.

During his career, Han held multiple posts in the literature administration as well as politics in general. Since 1946, Han edited North Korean Federation of Literature and Arts (NKFLA) organ Шаблон:LangnfШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and was the chairman of the organization since January 1948.Шаблон:Sfn During the Korean War, he was the chairman of the united Korean Federation of Literature and Arts (KFLA)Шаблон:Sfn and a member in its Literature Organization.Шаблон:Sfn Since 1953, Han was the chairman of the Korean Writers' Union.Шаблон:Sfn This position made him the most powerful cultural administrator of the country and he effectively ran the whole system of publishing literature and providing for the writers.Шаблон:Sfn Han also wrote for the Rodong Sinmun in the 1950s.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1946, Han became a member of the first Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea.Шаблон:Sfn He maintained the post in the party and its successor, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, until 1969.Шаблон:Sfn Han became the minister of education in May 1956Шаблон:Sfn and retained his post as the chairman of the Writers' Union.Шаблон:Sfn During his ministerial career, Han initiated a campaign to diminish the importance of Russian language teaching in North Korean colleges in the spring of 1956.Шаблон:Sfn He also started to enlist writers with a proletarian background.Шаблон:Sfn

Purge

In 1962, Han was accused of "parochialism" and "bourgeois decadence" by the NKFLA. He was consequentially expelled from the party and stripped of his offices.Шаблон:Sfn His purge coincided with the election of the third Supreme People's Assembly.[6] The following year, he was exiled to a village in Chagang Province.Шаблон:Sfn Han was likely pardoned later, in 1969,Шаблон:Sfn when his name reappeared as a member of the party Central Committee. Han was never reassigned to any other post he had held. He was absent from the 5th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in November 1970, leading B. R. Myers to conclude that it is likely "though by no means certain, that Han died sometime between late 1969 and late 1970",Шаблон:Sfn with some preference for the year 1970.Шаблон:Sfn Han's gravestone at the Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery in Pyongyang,[7] however, gives the date of his death as 6 April 1976.[8] Ultimately, the secrecy practiced by North Korea precludes any certain knowledge about "when (or even if) Han died".Шаблон:Sfn

In Han's wake, other cultural figures, like Ch'oe Sŭnghŭi and Sim Yŏng, were purged also.[6] The regime faced a problem in Han's work being politically useful in nature, but his name tarnished. His name began to be disconnected from his work, which was still widely disseminated. For the future, North Korean publishing authorities would employ a policy of publishing collective works of creative teams and withhold names of individual authors, a practice that was observed particularly in the 1970s and started to wane only in the 1980s.[3]

Legacy

Though Han Sorya's name has been since been all but forgotten in official North Korean accounts, his influence on contemporary North Korean literature has been significant.[1]

Literately, Han's style of writing has been described as experimental in his employment of various narrative structures.[9] Andrei Lankov considers Han mediocre as a writerШаблон:Sfn and assess his rivals Kim Namch'ŏn and Шаблон:Interlanguage link "marginally more gifted", however considering North Korean literature of the period "boring and highly politicized propaganda" across the board.Шаблон:Sfn Lankov describes Han "unscrupulous" as an opportunist and careerist.Шаблон:Sfn The literary style and ideologies of Han and some of his adversaries are very similar, and Han's prevailing is due to factional strife. Some aspects of the struggles are baseless, too, as some works by Han include rather sympathetic depictions of Japanese soldiers, while it was many of his rivals who were purged because of their "pro-Japanese" tendencies. Thus, Lankov concludes, the struggle within the literary establishment can be attributed to conflicting personal ambitions more than anything else.Шаблон:Sfn

Yearn Hong Choi assess that "Han is not a typical North Korean writer" but an extremely political one in his attempt at pleasing Kim Il Sung.[1] B. R. Myers contrasts Han's legacy with that of North Korean poet Cho Ki-chon. While in Han's works Kim Il Sung embodies traditional Korean virtues of innocence and naivety having "mastered Marxism–Leninism with his heart, not his brain",Шаблон:Sfn in Cho's he exemplifies particular traits of the rather early cult of personality built upon Soviet Marxism–Leninism and bloc conformity.Шаблон:Sfn The style of Han based on Korean ethnic nationalism ultimately established itself as the standard of propaganda over Cho's.Шаблон:Sfn According to Myers, Han is not a writer of fiction in the official literary doctrine of socialist realism at all, but "his own man, not a socialist realist". Yearn Hong Choi disagrees, and points to Han's one-time praise of the Soviets and Kim Il Sung as well as his employment of propaganda in praise of a "utopian" North Korea as proof of him being a socialist realist. According to Yearn, Myers simply has a different idea of what socialist realism is from North Korean writers.[1]

An exception to Han's forgotten legacy in North Korea exists. The multi-part film Nation and Destiny not only features him but allows Han to be a hero of the film. This was the first time that an anti-establishment figure has been the hero on North Korean screen.[10] In South Korea, Han's works were banned by the Ministry of Culture and Information.[11]

Works

History (MR: Ryŏksa) was the first long North Korean work to deal with Kim Il Sung during the Anti-Japanese struggle.[12] Yan'an faction member Yi P'il-gyu expressed harsh criticism of History,Шаблон:Sfn aimed at Han's close relationship with Kim Il Sung: "Han Sŏl-ya — he should be killed. He deserves it even only for just one book — History. He is a very bad and harmful man; he is Kim Il Song's sycophant, a bootlicker".Шаблон:Sfn

Jackals

Шаблон:Quote box Jackals,Шаблон:Efn is a 1951 novella by Han, noted for its anti-American and anti-Christian tendencies.[13]Шаблон:Sfn Jackals tells the story of a Korean boy murdered by American missionaries with an injection.Шаблон:Sfn In North Korea, the story is taken to be based on fact,Шаблон:Sfn and B. R. Myers assesses that it is possible that it gave impetus to allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War by North Korea.Шаблон:Sfn Called "the country's most enduring work of fiction",[14] it is still influential in North Korea where the word "jackals" has become a synonym for "Americans", and papers like Rodong Sinmun regularly invoke the language of the novella.[13]

The emotional story is inspired by Maxim Gorky's sentimental novel Mother,Шаблон:Sfn which is considered the first socialist realist novel,Шаблон:Sfn and a story that Han was familiar with.Шаблон:Sfn Myers traces the story's foundation back to anti-Christian stories in rural colonial Korea as well as in fascist Japan.Шаблон:Sfn The metaphor of the villain as a beast, too, is more readily associated with wartime Japanese propaganda than socialist realism.Шаблон:Sfn It had, however, featured in the works of early Soviet writers as whose work Han knew, as well as in textual genres not bound by the official socialist realist dogma, such as journalism.Шаблон:Sfn

Jackals was republished in Шаблон:Interlanguage link, Ch'ŏngnyŏn munhak and Chollima in August 2003, one year after the Bush administration designated North Korea as part of the "Axis of evil".Шаблон:Sfn After the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack of 2014, North Korean media employed similar rhetoric against Secretary of State John Kerry. One article compared Kerry with a jackal no fewer than eleven times.[13] Jackals was adapted on stage and performed in Pyongyang in 2015.[15] The novel remains one of the very few North Korean works of fiction that have been translated into English.[16]

List of works

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Library resources box

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Шаблон:Cite book
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