Английская Википедия:Hanamachi
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Italic title A Шаблон:Nihongo3 is a district where geisha live and work in Japan. Each Шаблон:Transliteration typically has its own name, crest, and distinct geisha population, with geisha not typically working outside of their own district. Шаблон:Transliteration usually contain Шаблон:Transliteration (geisha houses) and Шаблон:Transliteration (teahouses where geisha entertain).
Historically, Шаблон:Transliteration could contain a high number of Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration, and would also contain a Шаблон:Nihongo as well – a communal meeting place for geisha, typically containing a theater, rooms where classes in the traditional arts could be held, and a Шаблон:Transliteration (registry office) who would process a geisha's pay, regulation of the profession, and other related matters.
Gion, a geisha district in Kyoto, also has a vocational school, called Шаблон:Transliteration. Many of the teachers there are designated as Living National Treasures.Шаблон:Citation needed
Шаблон:Transliteration
Шаблон:Transliteration were preceded by the registered red-light districts of Japan, known as Шаблон:Nihongo. Three Шаблон:Transliteration were established in Japan in the early 1600s: Shimabara in Kyoto in 1640,[1] Shinmachi in Osaka between 1624 and 1644,[1] and Yoshiwara in Edo (modern-day Tokyo) in 1617.[1] Шаблон:Transliteration were originally a place of work for both Шаблон:Nihongo3 and Шаблон:Transliteration (courtesans). Шаблон:Transliteration, technically the highest rank of courtesan, also lived in the red-light districts; however, unlike Шаблон:Transliteration, they did not engage in sex work, and were instead renowned as upper-class entertainers prized for their training in the traditional arts, which typically began at an early age. Шаблон:Transliteration were only engaged by men of the upper classes, and could choose which clients they wished to engage, unlike other courtesans.
Following the development of the geisha profession in the Шаблон:Transliteration in the mid-1700s, many geisha, working inside the Шаблон:Transliteration alongside Шаблон:Transliteration and courtesans, began to compete with them; though the entertainment they offered was mostly (and in official terms, entirely) devoid from sex work, geisha instead offered companionship and entertainment to men at parties, and were commonly not bound to the same controlling contracts that many courtesans were.
Having developed from a previously-male profession of entertainers who performed at the parties of some Шаблон:Transliteration, geisha were at times legally prevented from operating outside of Шаблон:Transliteration, despite also being legally prevented from appearing as, operating as and stealing clients from courtesans; as a result, many Шаблон:Transliteration went on to develop into Шаблон:Transliteration.
All three Шаблон:Transliteration are now defunct, both as courtesan districts and geisha districts, though Шаблон:Transliteration reenactors continue to practice the performing arts of upper-class courtesans in Shimabara, Kyoto, and some conventional sex work establishments continue to exist in Yoshiwara, Tokyo.
Kyoto Шаблон:Transliteration
Шаблон:External media There are currently five active Шаблон:Transliteration in Kyoto, generally referred to as Шаблон:Transliteration in the local Kyoto dialect instead of Шаблон:Transliteration, and sometimes referred to collectively as the Шаблон:Nihongo3:
- Gion (separated as Gion Kōbu and Gion Higashi)
- Miyagawa-chō
- Kamishichiken
- Pontochō
As a Шаблон:Transliteration for geisha, the district of Shimabara is defunct; having previously formed part of the city's six districts (collectively referred to as the Шаблон:Nihongo3), when Shimabara's last geisha departed in the late 20th century, the district was considered defunct, despite the continuation of Шаблон:Transliteration within the district.[2]
The geisha districts of Kyoto are primarily clustered around the Kamo River, from Sanjō Street (3rd Street) to Gojō Street (5th Street), particularly around Shijō Street – four of the five districts are in this area. Kamishichiken is separated from the others, being far to the northwest, while the defunct district of Shimabara is also located to the west; most districts are roughly centered around their respective rehearsal halls, known as Шаблон:Nihongo3.
Traditions
Each district has a distinctive crest (Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration), which appears on geisha's kimono, as well as on lanterns.
A summer tradition around the time of the Gion Festival among the Шаблон:Transliteration of Kyoto is to distribute personalized Шаблон:Nihongo3 to favored patrons and stores that both Шаблон:Transliteration and geisha frequent. These feature a crest of the geisha house on the front, and the geisha's name on the back (house name, then personal name). These are produced by Шаблон:Nihongo, and are known as Шаблон:Nihongo3.[3][4] Establishments such as bars that are particularly frequented by geisha often accumulate many of these fans, and typically display them in the summer months.[4][5]
All the Kyoto Шаблон:Transliteration stage public dances annually, known as Шаблон:Transliteration (generally written in the traditional kana spelling of Шаблон:Lang, rather than modern spelling of Шаблон:Lang), featuring both Шаблон:Transliteration and geisha. These also feature an optional tea ceremony (tea and Шаблон:Transliteration served by Шаблон:Transliteration) before the performance. These are performed for several weeks, mostly in the spring – four Шаблон:Transliteration hold them in the spring with one (Gion Higashi) holding theirs in the autumn. Different districts started public performances in different years; the oldest are those of Gion Kōbu and Pontochō, whose performances started at the Kyoto exhibition of 1872,[6][7] while others (Kamishichiken, Miyagawachō) started performing in the 1950s. There are many performances, with tickets being inexpensive, ranging from around 1500 yen to 4500 yen.[8] The best-known is the Шаблон:Transliteration performed in Gion Kōbu, which is one of the two oldest and has the most performances.
The dances are as follows (listed in order of performance through the year):
- Шаблон:Nihongo – Kamishichiken (since 1953), spring, varying dates, currently last week of March and first week of April
- Шаблон:Nihongo – Gion Kōbu (since 1872), all of April
- Шаблон:Nihongo – Miyagawa-chō (since the 1950s), first 2 weeks of April
- Шаблон:Nihongo – Pontochō (since 1872), most of May
- Шаблон:Nihongo – Gion Higashi, early November
The district of Shimabara previously produced the Шаблон:Nihongo from 1873 to 1880.
There is also a combined show of all five districts, which is called Шаблон:Nihongo, or more formally Шаблон:Nihongo.[9] This takes place during the daytime on two days (Saturday and Sunday) on a weekend in late June (typically last or second-to-last weekend) at a large venue, and tickets are significantly more expensive than those for individual districts. Connected with this event, in the evening on these two days there are evening performances with Шаблон:Transliteration meals, either a combined event, or separate ones per district. This is known as the Шаблон:Nihongo, and is quite expensive (as is usual for Шаблон:Transliteration and very limited availability; this has been held since 1994.
Tokyo Шаблон:Transliteration
- Shinbashi
- Akasaka
- Asakusa
- Yoshichō
- Kagurazaka
- Mukojima
- Omori Kaigan
Шаблон:Transliteration near Tokyo
Areas historically renowned as Шаблон:Transliteration
In Osaka
In Kanazawa
Kanazawa's geisha districts were most active between the periods of 1820–1830 and 1867–1954. Now referred to as the Шаблон:Transliteration, the three districts survive and often feature public performances during peak tourist seasons.
- Higashi Chaya Gai (eastern teahouse district)
- Nishi Chaya Gai (western teahouse district)
- Kazuemachi (the accountant's town)
References
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Avery, Anne Louise. Flowers of the Floating World: Geisha and Courtesans in Japanese Prints and Photographs, 1772–1926 [Exhibition Catalogue] (Sanders of Oxford & Mayfield Press: Oxford, 2006)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Komaruya Sumii Шаблон:Webarchive (English)
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Wagashi: Kamishichiken Oimatsu Bitter Citrus Summer Jelly", Kyoto Foodie, August 23, 2010
- ↑ Miyako Odori Шаблон:Webarchive "A Brief History of the Miyako Odori"
- ↑ Maiko Dance Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Geisha dances Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ 京都五花街合同伝統芸能特別公演 Шаблон:In lang
