Английская Википедия:Hans-Dieter Frank

Hans-Dieter Frank (8 July 1919 – 28 September 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 55 aerial victories claimed in approximately 150 combat missions making him the seventeenth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

Born in Kiel, Frank grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school, he joined the military service in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. Frank then served with Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter during the Invasion of Poland and Battle of France. In mid-1941, he transferred to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) where he became a night fighter pilot and claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 10/11 April 1941. Frank was appointed squadron leader of 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of NJG 1 in August 1942. Following his 33rd aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 20 June 1943. On 1 July 1943, he was appointed group commander of I. Gruppe of NJG 1. Frank and his crew were killed in action in a mid-air collision with another German night fighter on the night of 27/28 September 1943. He was posthumously bestowed with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and promoted to Major (major).

Early life and career

Frank was born on 8 July 1919 in Kiel, which was then part of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein during the Weimar Republic. He was the son of a sales agent. After graduation from school and receipt of his Abitur (university entry qualification), Frank joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 as a Fahnenjunker (cadet). Following flight training,Шаблон:Refn he was posted to Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing).Шаблон:Sfn

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Now a Leutnant (second lieutenant) with I. Gruppe (1st group) of ZG 1, Frank flew his first combat missions over Poland and during the Battle of France.Шаблон:Sfn On 22 June 1940, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) was created from I. Gruppe of ZG 1 and placed under the command of Hauptmann Wolfgang Falck. In consequence, Frank became a member of the night-fighter force.Шаблон:Sfn

Night fighter career

Файл:Kammhuber Line Map - Agent Tegal.png

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.Шаблон:Sfn By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 August 1941, Frank became an ace after downing his 5th victim, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, Z6505, MH-F, No. 51 Squadron RAF. Sergeant J. C. W. King and his crew were captured.Шаблон:Sfn He was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel of NJG 1 on 8 August 1942.Шаблон:Sfn On 27 November 1942, Frank was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn

Frank was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Шаблон:Lang) on 20 June 1943, the nomination had been submitted for 33 aerial victories claimed. The presentation was made by Generalmajor Kammhuber.Шаблон:Sfn On the night of 21/22 June, RAF Bomber Command sent 705 aircraft on a mission to bomb Krefeld, losing 44 aircraft in the attack.Шаблон:Sfn That night, Frank claimed six victories in the early hours, making him an "ace-in-a-day". One of the bombers he shot down was Handley Page Halifax HR848, which was one of 19 No. 35 Squadron RAF aircraft detailed to attack Krefeld on the night of the 21/22 June. Flight Sergeant R. J. Quigley and two of his crew were captured and the remaining four perished.Шаблон:Sfn Another was HR735 operated by No. 158 Squadron RAF. Pilot Officer C. H. Robinson DFC RNZAF and his six crew were killed.Шаблон:Sfn A third, BB375, flown by German-Canadian Sergeant C. C. Reichert RCAF, No. 408 Squadron RAF, crashed with all but one crewman killed.Шаблон:Sfn Further victories included an Avro Lancaster bomber from No. 100 Squadron RAF near Dinther, and two Halifax bombers from 408 (Goose) Squadron near Zeist and Lopik.Шаблон:Sfn

On 24/25 June Sergeant Robert Whitfield's Halifax JD258, VR-K borrowed from No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAF, but operated by a No. 428 Squadron RAF crew, became Frank's 41st aerial victory. All of the crew died.Шаблон:Sfn The aircraft was on a mission to bomb Elberfeld, a municipal of Wuppertal.Шаблон:Sfn Frank's last victory in June 1943 occurred on day twenty-nine when he shot down his 44th victim; Lancaster bomber ED362, HW-E, flown by Pilot Officer J. P. Pascoe RCAF, No. 100 Squadron RAF. Pascoe and all but one of his crew were killed (Sergeant R. G Storr was taken prisoner).Шаблон:Sfn That night, RAF Bomber Command was targeting Cologne.Шаблон:Sfn

Group commander

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-004-32, Heinkel He 219 als Nachtjäger.jpg

Heinkel He 219

On 1 July 1943, Frank was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of NJG 1, succeeding Major Werner Streib.Шаблон:Sfn Operating from Venlo Airfield, Frank claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur on the night of 9/10 July when he attacked Lancaster bomber W4763 from No. 61 Squadron RAF which crashed near Overdinkel in the Netherlands.Шаблон:Sfn Four nights later, he shot down a Halifax bomber from No. 401 Squadron RCAF and another Halifax bomber from No. XXXV (Madras Presidency) Squadron.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Frank claimed his first aerial victories flying the Heinkel He 219 night fighter of the night of 25/26 July when claimed two aerial victories, a Lancaster bomber from No. 50 Squadron RAF and a Wellington bomber from 429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn When on the night 30/31 August 660 bombers targeted both Mönchengladbach and Rheydt, Frank was credited with the destruction of three bombers. His aerial victories included a Short Stirling bomber over Mönchengladbach, the Vickers Wellington bomber JA118 from the Royal Canadian Air Force No. 432 Squadron RCAF, and a Lancaster bomber which crashed near Brüggen.Шаблон:Sfn

Frank and his radio operator Oberfeldwebel Erich Gotter were killed following a mid-air collision with another German night fighter northwest of Celle in the night of 28/29 September 1943.Шаблон:Sfn Their He 219 A-0 (Werknummer 190055—factory number) "G9+CB" had collided with a Bf 110 G-4 of the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of NJG 1 during the landing approach. Frank had escaped the aircraft using the ejection seat but forgot to release his radio-cable. He landed safely but was strangled by the radio-cable.Шаблон:Sfn The three man crew of the Bf 110 G-4, pilot Hauptmann Günther Friedrich, radio operator Oberleutnant Werner Gerber and flight engineer Obergefreiter Kurt Weißke, were also killed in the accident.Шаблон:Sfn This collision was likely caused by an attack made on his fighter by RAF night fighter ace Bob Braham.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 March 1944, Frank was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Шаблон:Lang), the 417th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. Posthumously, he was also promoted to Major (major).Шаблон:Sfn He was succeeded by Hauptmann Manfred Meurer as commander of I. Gruppe of NJG 1.Шаблон:Sfn

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Frank was credited with 55 nocturnal aerial victories claimed in 328 combat missions.Шаблон:Sfn Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 54 nocturnal victory claimsШаблон:Sfn Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Frank with 51 claims.Шаблон:Sfn

Chronicle of aerial victories
Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend
Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location	Serial No./Squadron No.
– I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –Шаблон:Sfn
1	10 April 1941	23:32	Hampden	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Neeroeteren Шаблон:Sfn	Hampden X3066/No. 144 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
2	12 June 1941	02:13	Whitley	vicinity of Eindhoven Шаблон:Sfn
3	17 August 1941	02:15	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert northwest of Roermond Шаблон:Sfn
4	17 August 1941	02:40	Whitley	Шаблон:Convert north of Venlo Шаблон:Sfn	Whitley Z6794/No. 10 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
5	25 August 1941	01:15	Whitley	Шаблон:Convert east of Weert Шаблон:Sfn	Whitley Z6505/No. 51 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
– 2. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –Шаблон:Sfn
6	27 December 1941	21:25	WhitleyШаблон:Sfn
7	13 April 1942	01:53	Wellington	north of Maarheeze Шаблон:Sfn	Wellington Z1213/No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron Шаблон:Sfn
8!	31 May 1942	01:30	Wellington	west of MaarheezeШаблон:Sfn
9	26 July 1942	02:14	Halifax	north of VenloШаблон:Sfn	Halifax W1211/No. 158 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
10	6 August 1942	00:17	Halifax	northwest of Posterholt Шаблон:Sfn	Halifax W1180/No. 78 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
11	27 August 1942	23:25	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert north of Helmond Шаблон:Sfn	Wellington Z1613/No. 156 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
12	1 October 1942	21:34	Stirling	Шаблон:Convert northwest of VenloШаблон:Sfn
13	1 October 1942	22:30	Wellington	Volkel Air Base Шаблон:Sfn
14	15 October 1942	22:05	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Arnhem Шаблон:Sfn	Wellington BK270/No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
15	15 October 1942	22:31	Stirling	Шаблон:Convert northeast of 's-Hertogenbosch Шаблон:Sfn	Lancaster W4195/No. 106 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
16	15 October 1942	22:56	Stirling	Шаблон:Convert west of BredaШаблон:Sfn	Stirling R9146/No. 214 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
17	17 January 1943	22:24	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert west of IJmuiden Шаблон:Sfn
18	2 February 1943	22:01	Stirling	Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of RotterdamnШаблон:Sfn	Stirling R9264/No. 7 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
19	3 April 1943	22:45	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert southeast of Rhenen, ArnhemШаблон:Sfn	Halifax JB866/408 (Goose) Squadron Шаблон:Sfn
20	3 April 1943	23:02	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert north of KleveШаблон:Sfn
21	3 April 1943	23:25	Stirling	Шаблон:Convert southwest of Den HaagШаблон:Sfn	Halifax W7937/No. 78 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
22	9 April 1943	23:46	LancasterШаблон:Sfn		Lancaster ED502/No. 9 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
23	27 April 1943	03:15	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert west of BrakelШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE168/No. 196 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
24	27 April 1943	03:37	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert west of DougenШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE693/No. 420 Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
25	5 May 1943	01:47	Stirling	west of ZandvoortШаблон:Sfn	Stirling BK782/No. 15 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
26	5 May 1943	02:16	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert south of AmsterdamШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE727/No. 428 Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
27	5 May 1943	02:38	Wellington	WerkendamШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE244/No. 166 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
28	13 May 1943	02:21	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert northwest of EredaШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE423/429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
29	13 May 1943	03:39	Stirling	RotterdamШаблон:Sfn	Stirling EF357/No. 149 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
30	14 May 1943	02:02	Wellington	HilversumШаблон:Sfn
31	14 May 1943	02:53	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert northwest of HilversumШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE697/No. 426 (Thunderbirds) Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
32	15 June 1943	00:59	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert southeast of 's-HertogenboschШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED980/No. 619 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
33	15 June 1943	01:13	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert south of Hien Шаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED434/No. 49 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
34	15 June 1943	02:20	Lancaster	vicinity of AmsterdamШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster DV160/No. 460 Squadron RAAF Шаблон:Sfn
35♠	22 June 1943	01:23	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert northeast of HienШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED556/No. 100 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
36♠	22 June 1943	01:37	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert east of KaalhovenШаблон:Sfn	Halifax HR735/No. 158 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
37♠	22 June 1943	01:48	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert west of VechelШаблон:Sfn
38♠	22 June 1943	02:09	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert northwest of BoxtelШаблон:Sfn	Halifax JD205/No. 77 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
39♠	22 June 1943	02:24	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert southwest of ZeistШаблон:Sfn	Halifax DT772/408 (Goose) SquadronШаблон:Sfn
40♠	22 June 1943	02:30	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert north of YaarsfeldШаблон:Sfn	Halifax BB375/408 (Goose) SquadronШаблон:Sfn
41	25 June 1943	01:05	Halifax	Acht Шаблон:Sfn	Halifax JD258/No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
42	26 June 1943	02:17	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of GoudaШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE412/No. 196 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
43	26 June 1943	02:37	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of GoudaШаблон:Sfn	Wellington HF589/No. 166 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
44	29 June 1943	02:47	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert southeast of RotterdamШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED362/No. 100 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
– I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –Шаблон:Sfn
45	10 July 1943	01:22	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert east-northeast of EnschedeШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster W4763/No. 61 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
46	14 July 1943	01:26	Halifax	Шаблон:Convert south of HelmondШаблон:Sfn	Halifax HR905/No. 401 Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
47	14 July 1943	01:39	Halifax	north of LeuithШаблон:Sfn	Halifax HR819/No. XXXV (Madras Presidency) Squadron Шаблон:Sfn
48	26 July 1943	00:56	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert southeast of NijmegenШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED753/No. 50 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
49	26 July 1943	01:30	Wellington	Шаблон:Convert south of Culemborg Шаблон:Sfn	Wellington HE803/429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAFШаблон:Sfn
50	23 August 1943	23:40	Lancaster	Шаблон:Convert southeast of EmmenШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster ED550/No. 207 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
51	31 August 1943	03:18	Stirling	MönchengladbachШаблон:Sfn	Stirling EF438/No. 149 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn
52	31 August 1943	03:30	Wellington	SiggerathШаблон:Sfn	Wellington JA118/No. 432 Squadron RCAF Шаблон:Sfn
53	31 August 1943	03:35	Lancaster	BrüggenШаблон:Sfn	Lancaster JA936/No. 9 Squadron RAF Шаблон:Sfn
54	6 September 1943	00:15	Lancaster	northeast of Pirmasens Шаблон:Sfn	Lancaster JB133/No. 619 Squadron RAFШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn

Awards

Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 19 October 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilotШаблон:Sfn
German Cross in Gold on 27 November 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1Шаблон:Sfn
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 20 June 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
- 417th Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-mil Шаблон:Succession box Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Top German World War II night fighter aces Шаблон:Subject bar

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