Английская Википедия:Hans Multhopp

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Hans Multhopp (17 May 1913 – 30 October 1972) was a German aeronautical engineer/designer. Receiving a degree from the University of Göttingen, Multhopp worked with the famous designer Kurt Tank at the Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG during World War II, and was the leader of the team responsible for the design of the Focke-Wulf Ta 183 lightweight jet fighter,[1] which was the winner of the 1945 Emergency Fighter Competition. Emigrating to the United Kingdom after the war, he assisted in the advancement of British aeronautic science before moving to the United States, where his work for Martin Marietta on lifting bodies provided aerodynamic experience that proved instrumental in the development of the Space Shuttle.[2]

Early life

Born in 1913, Multhopp studied at the Technische Hochschule in Hannover,[3] before transferring to the University of Göttingen in 1934. Studying there under the guidance of the famed aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl,[4] who regarded him as his best student,[5] Multhopp assisted in the design and construction of several gliders while working on a thesis on the subject of wing aerodynamics.[3] During his time at the university, he also participated in experiments under the aegis of the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA), the German counterpart to the American National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.[3] In 1937, Multhopp was placed in charge of one of AVA's wind tunnels. More importantly he had already published a seminal paper on wing-lift theory [6] and before he had fulfilled his doctoral requirements, his work had attracted the interest of other German aviation concerns. Consequently, Multhopp was approached by Kurt Tank in 1938, who offered him employment at Focke-Wulf.[3]

World War II

At Focke-Wulf, Multhopp was promoted to assistant in charge of the aerodynamics department in 1940,[3][7] then was promoted to advanced design bureau chief in 1943.[3][7] One of his innovative projects during this time was the Multhopp-Klappe, a combined flap and dive brake apparatus, which was installed on the unsuccessful Focke-Wulf Fw 191. During flight testing of the Fw 191, when deployed, the Multhopp-Klappe caused severe flutter.

In 1944, in collaboration with Tank and his design team, Multhopp was assigned to a research project to meet and exceed the specifications of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM)'s Emergency Fighter Competition for a single-seat jet-powered fighter intended for performance at high-altitude. His design of the diminutive Ta 183 Huckebein (German: Hunchback),[8] itself named for a trouble-making raven (Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe) from an illustrated story in 1867 by Wilhelm Busch.[9] The Ta 183's flying surface design was distinguished by a 40˚ swept-wing and T-tail (characterized as the "Multhopp T-tail", whose "elevator" surfaces were only used for "elevator trim" - the ailerons were actually used as elevons, due to the wings' sweepback placing them laterally opposite the jet engine exhaust) was the winner of the Luftwaffe's 1945 Emergency Fighter Program.[10] However, due to the deteriorating war situation, delays in development meant that only wind tunnel models had been completed by the time of Germany's surrender.[11]

Файл:Ta183-1.jpg
A wind tunnel model of the Ta 183

Although David Myhra among other historians claim that the post-war Soviet MiG-15 was based on the Ta 183, modern experts in Russian and Soviet aviation history such as Yefim Gordon reject this, although acknowledging that some of the captured data from Multhopp's design work was examined by Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich in the formative study of contemporary research.[12] The swept-wing data that was amassed at Focke Wulf was, however, utilized by the Saab design office in its preliminary work that led to the Saab J29 fighter. A member of the Saab engineering team had been allowed to review German aeronautical documents stored in Switzerland. These files captured by the Americans in 1945 clearly indicated delta and swept-wing designs had the effect of "reducing drag dramatically as the aircraft approached the sound barrier." Although more sophisticated than the Ta 183, the Saab J 29 has more than a superficial link to the earlier German fighter project.[13]

Post-war

Post-war, Tank and most of his team left Germany to go to work in Argentina, where the Ta 183 would be developed into the FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II.[14] Beginning in 1947, 62 of the technical staff along with a small group of test pilots followed Tank to reestablish themselves at the Fábrica Militar de Aviones at Córdoba.[15] Multhopp was the only prominent engineer of the team who did not follow Tank, however, desiring to "move out of the shadow" of his mentor. Instead, Multhopp had chosen to emigrate to the United Kingdom in 1945, where he was quickly employed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough.[16] Aerodynamicist Martin Winter, Multhopp's assistant at Focke Wulf, accompanied his former team leader to RAE Farnborough.[17]

During four years spent working at Farnborough, Multhopp and Winter's studies of swept-wing planforms resulted in the design of a unique high-speed research aircraft to be powered by the Rolls-Royce AJ65 Avon. The salient features included jettisonable wheels (landing was achieved with a retractable skid landing gear), a prone pilot position in the nose with the cockpit enclosure centered in the nose (four windows framed the circular intake), a T-tail and mid-mounted swept-wing, swept at 40˚.[18] The RAE supersonic research vehicle designed in 1947–1948 and intended for speeds up Mach 1.24 at 36,000 ft, may have inspired parts of the design of "Teddy" Petter's Lightning fighter.[19] The RAE project was not funded and remained a moribund "paper project."[20] In addition, Multhopp also developed a theory for calculating the lift distribution of wings at subsonic speeds.[21]

Файл:Martin XB-51.jpg
Martin XB-51, first prototype, 46-685 during testing

In 1949, the Glenn L. Martin Company (later Martin Marietta) of Essex, Maryland made efforts to recruit Multhopp to their staff of aeronautical engineers. These efforts proved successful, and he left his position at Farnborough to emigrate to the United States.

At Martin, he assisted in the design of the XB-51 medium bomber, the design of which reflected his work in swept wing design and T-tail aerodynamics, and by 1963, he had been promoted to the position of chief scientist at Martin. In this position, as part of a U.S. Air Force contract for the development of a full-scale model of a high-volume lifting body design for manned spaceflight, he developed the "SV-5" aircraft.[7]

The SV-5, the centerpiece of the START (Spacecraft Technology and Advanced Reentry Tests) project, was promoted by Multhopp as superior to NASA's M2 and HL-10 lifting body shapes, having a better lift-to-drag ratio and greater re-entry cross-range capability, along with better aerodynamics and improved design efficiency.[19]

Файл:X24.jpg
The X-24, based on the SV-5 body shape

Developed into the X-24, Multhopp's design proved successful, and provided valuable flight test information that assisted the design of NASA's Space Shuttle.[2] Multhopp himself, however, faded from public view in the mid- to late-1960s.[19] However, he continued to be active in aeronautical design, a 1966 paper challenging the view that tactical aircraft necessarily required greater and greater speed to be effective,[22] and proposing a close air support aircraft armed with a heavy gun for anti-tank operations to Martin management, which was not pursued.[23]

Family influence on chess

In 1974, Multhopp's son, also named Hans, invented "Checkers chess", a chess variant in which pieces cannot move backwards until they have reached the far side of the board (another game by the same name was proposed by V. R. Parton).[24] In 2014 at the age of 59, Hans won the Ohio Championship. He also holds the title of FIDE Master.[25]

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Campbell, Douglas. The Warthog and the Close Air Support Debate. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Erichs, Rolph et al. The Saab-Scania Story. Stockholm: Streiffert & Co., 1988. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Gordon, Yefim. Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Meyer, Ingolf. Luftwaffe Advanced Aircraft Projects to 1945: Volume 1: Fighters & Ground-Attack Aircraft, Arado to Junkers (Luftwaffe Advanced Projects). Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Multhopp, Hans. Methods for calculating the lift distribution of wings (Subsonic surface lifting theory). London: Aeronautical Research R. & M. 2884, January 1950.
  • Multhopp, Hans. "The Challenge of the Performance Spectrum for Military Aircraft" AUR (May–June 1966): 30-41.
  • Myhra, David. Focke-Wulf Ta 183 (X Planes of the Third Reich). Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1999. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Pritchard, D. B. The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. Bournemouth, Dorset, UK: John Beasley, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Reed, Dale R. with Darlene Lister. Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. NASA History Series. Washington D.C.: NASA History Office. Шаблон:ASIN
  • Schick, Walter and Ingolf Meyer. Luftwaffe Secret Projects: Fighters, 1939-1945 v. 1. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 1997. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam, 1972. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Helmuth Trischler and Stefan Zeilinger. Tackling Transport. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2003. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Wood, Derek. Project Cancelled. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc., 1975. Шаблон:ISBN.

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  1. ↑ Schick and Meyer 1997, pp. 146–147.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Reed 1997, pp. 174-175
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 "Focke-Wulf Ta 183 Huckebien" Шаблон:Webarchive. alfamodel.cz. Retrieved: 12 May 2010
  4. ↑ "Hans Multhopp". The Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved: 12 May 2010.
  5. ↑ "History of Aerodynamics". scientistsandfriends.com. Retrieved: 12 May 2010.
  6. ↑ Myhra 1999, p. 5.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Reed 1997, pp. 129–130.
  8. ↑ Swan, Matt. "Tamiya (ex AM-Tech) 1/48 Ta.183A "Huckebein"." Шаблон:Webarchive swannysmodels.com. Retrieved: 10 May 2010
  9. ↑ "Hans Huckebein." Spiegel online. Retrieved: 5 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 626–628.
  11. ↑ Myhra 1999, p. 4.
  12. ↑ Gordon 2001
  13. ↑ Erichs et al. 1988, p. 37.
  14. ↑ Meyer 2007, p. 98.
  15. ↑ "Argentina: Old Hands, New Directions." Time magazine via time.com, 23 October 1950.
  16. ↑ Myhra 1999, p. 11.
  17. ↑ Myhra 1999, p. 42.
  18. ↑ Wood 1975, pp. 35, 39.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Reed 1997, p. 130.
  20. ↑ Trischler and Zeilinger 2003, pp. 119–120.
  21. ↑ Multhopp 1950
  22. ↑ Multhopp 1966
  23. ↑ Campbell 2003, p. 70.
  24. ↑ Pritchard 2007, p. 51.
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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