Английская Википедия:Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Файл:Peopling of eurasia.jpg
mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[1]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[2] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[1]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[2][3][4]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[5][6] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[3]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[2] 25/216 = 11.6%,[7] 11/73 = 15.1%[7]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[3][8][9] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[2][10][11][12] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[8] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[9] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[3]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[10] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[8] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[13] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[13] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[14] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[3] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[15] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[16] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.[16]


Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[17] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
      • A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[18] Kinh from Hanoi,[18] Cờ Lao)
        • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[19]]
          • A1* – Japan, Korea
          • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[19]]
            • A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
            • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[19]]
              • A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
              • A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[19]]
            • A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[19]]
            • A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[19]]
        • A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[19]]
          • A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[20]
            • A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
            • A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
          • A2b – Chukchi
            • A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
          • A2c
          • A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
              • A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2e'ao
            • A2e
            • A2ao
              • A2ao1
          • A2f
            • A2f1 – Newfoundland
              • A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
            • A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
            • A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
            • A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
          • A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
            • A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
          • A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
          • A2j – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2k – USA (Puerto Rico)
            • A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
              • A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
          • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
            • A2l
            • A2m
            • A2n – Canada
            • A2o
            • A2ai
            • A2aj
          • A2p'am
            • A2p
              • A2p1
              • A2p2
            • A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.[21]
          • A2q
            • A2q1
          • A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
            • A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
          • A2s
          • A2t – USA (Mexican)
          • A2u
            • A2u1
            • A2u2
          • A2v
            • A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
              • A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
              • A2v1b – Mexico
          • A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
          • A2x
          • A2y
          • A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
          • A2aa
          • A2ab
          • A2ac
            • A2ac1
          • A2ad
            • A2ad1
            • A2ad2
          • A2ae
          • A2af
            • A2af1
              • A2af1a
                • A2af1a1
                • A2af1a2
              • A2af1b
                • A2af1b1
                  • A2af1b1a
                  • A2af1b1b
                • A2af1b2
            • A2af2
          • A2ag
          • A2ah
          • A2ak
          • A2al
          • A2an
          • A2ap
          • A2aq
        • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[19]]
          • A6* – Deng, Korea[19][22]
          • A6a – China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp[19]]
            • A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
            • A6a1 – Tujia
          • A6b – Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp[19]]
            • A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
            • A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
          • A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
        • A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[20]
          • A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[19]]
            • A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[20] Selkup[20] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[19]]
              • A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[23] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[24]
              • A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[25] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[19]]
              • A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[3] Stony Tunguska River basin[23]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[19]]
            • A12b – Buryat,[3] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[26] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[19]]
          • A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[27] Buryat,[3] Ket,[20] Qashqai (Iran),[28] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[19]]
        • A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[29][19]), Ireland
        • A15 – Uyghur
          • A15a – China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou,[32] etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
          • A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
          • A15c – China
            • A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
        • A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
        • A17 – China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,[32] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[30] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[30] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[30]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
        • A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou[32]), Romania
        • A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
        • A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
        • A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
        • A26 – Denmark
      • A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp[19]]
        • A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp[19]]
      • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[19]]
        • A7* – China
        • A7a – Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp[19]]
          • A7a* – Lhoba
          • A7a1 – Lhoba
          • A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa
        • A7b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp[19]]
      • A9
      • A11 – Nepal, Korea,[19] Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[19]]
        • A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
        • A11b – Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
    • A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
      • A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[19]]
        • A5a1 - Korea
          • A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[33]
              • A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
              • A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
          • A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
        • A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a3
          • A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
          • A5a3a
            • A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a4 – Japan
        • A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
      • A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[19]]
        • A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1* – Uyghur
          • A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[22] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea[34] [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1b* – Han Chinese
            • A5b1b1
              • A5b1b1* – Miao
              • A5b1b1a – China
              • A5b1b1b – China
            • A5b1b2 – Uyghur
          • A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1d* – China
            • A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
        • A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
      • A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[34] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut[19] [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp[19]]
        • A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
    • A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[19]]
      • A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[20] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp[19]]
        • A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
        • A8a1 – Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp[19]]
          • A8a1* - Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
          • A8a1a - Yakut,[23] Uyghur, Buryat
        • A8a2
      • A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp[19]]
    • A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[19]]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) 1 42 [35]
Tlingit 1 2 [35]
Acoma Pueblo 1 1 [35]
Esselen 1 1 [36] A01
Haida 0.966 29 [35]
Eskimo (Greenland) 0.961 385 Шаблон:Harvnb A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin) 0.900 50 Шаблон:Harvnb A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada) 0.875 96 Шаблон:Harvnb A2b=68, A2a=16
Mixtec 0.828 29 [35]
Siberian Eskimo 0.772 79 Шаблон:Citation needed A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan) 0.744 39 Шаблон:Harvnb A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka) 0.733 15 [3] A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki) 0.703 37 Шаблон:Harvnb A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi 0.682 66 Шаблон:Citation needed A2=45
Chickasaw/Choctaw 0.667 27 [35]
Mixe 0.625 16 [35]
Apache 0.621 29 [35]
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico) 0.613 31 Шаблон:Citation needed A=19
Nahua/Cora (Mexico) 0.531 32 [35]
Siouan 0.529 34 [35]
Chumash 0.524 21 [36] A02, A03, A04, A05, A07, A09, A10, A12
Maya (Mexico) 0.519 27 [35]
Navajo 0.517 58 [35]
Nuxalk (Bella Coola) 0.5 36 [35]
Salinan 0.5 6 [36] A01, A06, A13
Ojibwe (Chippewa)/Kickapoo 0.484 62 [35]
Salinan/Chumash 0.455 11 [35]
Nuu-Chah-Nulth 0.4 15 [35]
Kiowa 0.4 5 [35]
Creek/Seminole 0.389 18 [35]
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.344 163 Шаблон:Harvnb A2a=56
Zapotec 0.333 15 [35]
Pawnee 0.333 3 [35]
Cheyenne/Arapaho 0.308 26 [35]
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.300 30 Шаблон:Citation needed A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.297 37 Шаблон:Citation needed A=11
Mi'kmaq (Newfoundland)/Narragansett 0.286 7 [35]
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.250 32 Шаблон:Harvnb A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.250 24 Шаблон:Citation needed A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.250 20 Шаблон:Citation needed A=5
Ohlone (Costanoan) 0.25 8 Шаблон:Refn A01
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.229 35 Шаблон:Citation needed A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.214 56 Шаблон:Citation needed A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.211 19 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.188 16 Шаблон:Citation needed A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.172 29 Шаблон:Citation needed A1=5
Zuni 0.182 22 [35]
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.146 48 [9] A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan) 0.141 64 Шаблон:Citation needed A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.139 36 Шаблон:Citation needed A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.138 29 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.136 44 Шаблон:Citation needed A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.128 47 [3] A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.121 33 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.120 100 Шаблон:Citation needed A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.118 102 Шаблон:Citation needed A=12
Penutian (California) 0.118 17 [35]
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.114 35 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky) 0.111 72 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA2)=8
Havasupai/Hualapai/Yavapai/Mojave 0.111 18 [35]
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.109 55 Шаблон:Citation needed A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.103 29 Шаблон:Citation needed A1=3
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) 0.102 246 [37] A=14, A5c=1, A8a=1, A12=8, A14=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.100 40 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Manchurian 0.100 40 [8] A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China) 0.098 51 [8] A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.097 31 Шаблон:Citation needed A=3
Han (Denver) 0.096 73 Шаблон:Harvnb A=7
Japanese 0.090 211 Шаблон:Citation needed A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.089 45 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Korean (South Korea) 0.089 203 [10] A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.088 160 [10] A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.087 103 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.086 336 [10] A=29
Mongolian (Dornod Province) 0.084 370 [37] A=17, A1a=6, A5a=4, A13=1, A14=1, A16=1, A25=1
Evenk (Siberia) 0.084 130 [38] A2a=2, A4=7, A4b=2
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.083 48 [9] A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea) 0.081 185 [8] A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Cochimí 0.077 13 [35]
Korean (South Korea) 0.077 261 Шаблон:Citation needed A=20
Mongolian (Khentii Province) 0.076 132 [37] A=8, A12=2
Han (Beijing Normal University) 0.074 121 Шаблон:Harvnb A=9
Pai Yuman 0.074 27 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.074 54 Шаблон:Citation needed A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.073 137 Шаблон:Citation needed A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian) 0.073 55 Шаблон:Harvnb A=4
Telengit 0.073 55 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.073 633 Шаблон:Harvnb A=46
Buryat 0.071 126 [9] A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California) 0.069 390 Шаблон:Citation needed A=27
Korean (South Korea) 0.068 103 [3] A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.068 118 Шаблон:Harvnb A=8
Okinawa 0.067 326 [10] A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.066 256 [10] A=17
Mongolian (Mongolia) 0.064 2420 [37] A=75, A1a=15, A5a=4, A5c=1, A7=2, A8a1=14, A11(xA11a1)=6, A12a=14, A13=3, A14=4, A15(xA15a)=7, A16=2, A23=4, A24=2, A25=2,
Itelmen 0.064 47 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu) 0.063 1617 Шаблон:Harvnb A=102
Yokuts 0.063 16 [36] A08
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		 0.062 130 Шаблон:Citation needed A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir) 0.060 149 Шаблон:Citation needed A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.060 217 Шаблон:Harvnb A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.059 68 Шаблон:Citation needed A=4
Ket 0.059 34 [39] A8a2
Evenk (Siberia) 0.056 71 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.056 71 [3] A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.056 18 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.053 19 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Koryak 0.052 155 Шаблон:Citation needed A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Mongolian (Khovd Province) 0.051 429 [37] A(xA1a, A14, A15, A23, A24)=12, A11a1=3, A8a1=7
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.051 295 [3] A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.051 99 [3] A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.050 40 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Han (Beijing) 0.050 40 [8] A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.050 282 [10] A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.049 41 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Vietnamese 0.048 42 [8] A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama 0.048 42 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Akimal O’odham (Pima) 0.054 37 [35]
Han (Kunming, Yunnan) 0.047 43 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka) 0.045 154 Шаблон:Citation needed A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.045 44 [9] A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan) 0.045 22 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.043 47 [9] A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.043 47 [8] A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.042 71 Шаблон:Harvnb A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi 0.042 48 Шаблон:Citation needed A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.042 24 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.041 73 [3] A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky) 0.040 125 Шаблон:Citation needed A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu 0.039 51 Шаблон:Harvnb[40] A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.036 110 [3] A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese) 0.036 111 Шаблон:Citation needed A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.036 111 Шаблон:Citation needed A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.036 1117 Шаблон:Citation needed A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.036 28 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Shor 0.036 28 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.035 57 [3] A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi 0.033 90 [3] A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.033 91 [10] A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.032 31 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.032 126 Шаблон:Harvnb A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.031 32 Шаблон:Citation needed A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District) 0.031 98 Шаблон:Citation needed A4=3
Mansi 0.031 98 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic) 0.029 276 Шаблон:Citation needed A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.029 35 Шаблон:Citation needed A6=1
Guangdong 0.026 546 Шаблон:Citation needed A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.025 40 Шаблон:Citation needed A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.024 82 [3] A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.024 41 Шаблон:Citation needed A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.024 164 Шаблон:Citation needed A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.024 42 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.023 44 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.022 45 [9] A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.022 45 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan 0.021 95 Шаблон:Citation needed A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.020 50 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District) 0.019 52 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Guangxi 0.017 1111 Шаблон:Citation needed A=19
Yakut 0.017 117 [9] A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.012 82 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.010 105 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Khanty 0.009 106 [5] A=1
Vietnam 0.008 392 Шаблон:Citation needed A=3
Southeast Yunnan 0.006 158 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Li (Hainan) 0.003 346 Шаблон:Citation needed A=1
Kiliwa 0.000 7 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Seri 0.000 8 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Paiute/Shoshone 0 9 [35] –
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 11 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Kiliwa/Paipai 0 11 [35] –
Uto-Aztecan (California) 0 14 [35]
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 15 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Kumeyaay 0 16 [35] –
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.000 18 Шаблон:Harvnb –
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 19 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Filipino (Palawan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 21 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.000 22 Шаблон:Citation needed –
River Yuman 0.000 22 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Delta Yuman 0.000 23 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Quechan/Cocopah 0 23 [35] –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Nganasan 0.000 24 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.000 24 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [3] –
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 26 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 27 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Washo 0 28 [35] –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Cun (Hainan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Negidal 0.000 33 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Teleut 0.000 33 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.000 35 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Aleut (Commander Islands) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Harvnb –
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 [3] –
Jemez/Taos/San Ildefonso Pueblo 0 36 [35] –
Taono O’odham 0.000 37 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.000 39 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Nganasan 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb –
Thai 0.000 40 [8] –
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Ambon 0.000 43 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Lombok (Mataram) 0.000 44 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Alor 0.000 45 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Tofalar 0.000 46 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Udegey 0.000 46 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Hindu (New Delhi, India) 0.000 48 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Sumba (Waingapu) 0.000 50 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.000 52 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.000 53 [3] –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Filipino 0.000 61 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Mansi 0.000 63 [5] –
Filipino 0.000 64 [15] –
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.000 70 [15] –
Tubalar (Turochak District) 0.000 71 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Bali 0.000 82 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.000 82 Шаблон:Harvnb –
Ulchi 0.000 87 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Chelkan (Turochak District) 0.000 91 Шаблон:Citation needed –
N. Paiute/Shoshoni 0.000 94 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Northern Paiute 0.000 98 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.000 105 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Even (Siberia) 0.000 122 [38]
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 133 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.000 148 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.000 168 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Filipino (Luzon) 0.000 177 [15] –
Sumatra 0.000 180 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Sulawesi 0.000 237 Шаблон:Citation needed –
Taiwan aborigine 0.000 640 Шаблон:Citation needed –


Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[41][42]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.[43] Michelle Rodriguez, an American actress with a Dominican mother, is likewise in A2.[44]

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 3,19 3,20 3,21 3,22 3,23 3,24 3,25 Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski et al., "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", PNAS (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,8 8,9 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" PLoS ONE (2009)
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. Шаблон:Doi
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 10,7 10,8 Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOven не указан текст
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 S. Pischedda, R. Barral-Arca, A. Gómez-Carballa, et al. (2017), "Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements." Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 12630 (2017).
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 19,14 19,15 19,16 19,17 19,18 19,19 19,20 19,21 19,22 19,23 19,24 19,25 19,26 19,27 19,28 19,29 19,30 19,31 19,32 19,33 19,34 19,35 19,36 19,37 19,38 19,39 19,40 19,41 19,42 19,43 19,44 19,45 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок YFull не указан текст
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 20,5 Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al. (2018), "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  21. ↑ Fernandes, D.M., Sirak, K.A., Ringbauer, H. et al. "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean." Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." BMC Med Genomics. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  24. ↑ Marchi, N., Hegay, T., Mennecier, P., Georges, M., Laurent, R., Whitten, M., Endicott, P., Aldashev, A., Dorzhu, C., Nasyrova, F., Chichlo, B., Segurel, L. and Heyer, E., "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (2017)
  25. ↑ Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." Sci Rep 8 (1), 8969 (2018)
  26. ↑ Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, Zoltán Maróti, Tibor Kalmár, Péter Bihari, István Nagy, György Pálfi, Erika Molnár, István Raskó, and Tibor Török, "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." PLoS ONE 12(4): e0174886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174886
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
  29. ↑ Filipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, et al., "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." FSI Genetics Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 30,4 Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
  33. ↑ Qing-Peng Kong, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Chang Sun, et al., "Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations." Human Molecular Genetics, 2006, Vol. 15, No. 13 2076–2086. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl130
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  35. ↑ 35,00 35,01 35,02 35,03 35,04 35,05 35,06 35,07 35,08 35,09 35,10 35,11 35,12 35,13 35,14 35,15 35,16 35,17 35,18 35,19 35,20 35,21 35,22 35,23 35,24 35,25 35,26 35,27 35,28 35,29 35,30 35,31 35,32 35,33 Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 36,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 37,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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