Английская Википедия:Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia[1] some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Файл:Eurasian frequency distributions of mtDNA haplogroups C.png
Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup C in Eurasia
Файл:Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades in modern and Mesolithic Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov populations.png
Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades.

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia[2] (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks.[3][4][5] Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas,[2] the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.[6][7][8]

In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.[9]

In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.Шаблон:Sfn

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Evenks (Stony Tunguska) 0.769 39 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a2=7, C4a1c=6, C4b1=5, C5d1=4, C4b=3, C4b3=3, C4a1c1a=1, C5b1b=1
Evenk 0.718 71 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=41, C5=10
Yukaghir 0.670 100 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=54, C5=13
Evenk (East) 0.644 45 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=17, C5=12
Tofalar 0.621 58 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=31, C5=5
Evens (Sebjan) 0.556 18 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b=6, C4a1c=3, C5b1b=1
Yukaghirs 0.550 20 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=4, C4b3a=2, C4b7=2, C4a2=1, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Yukaghirs (Yakutia) 0.545 22 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b3a=5, C5d1=3, C4a1c=1, C4a2=1, C4b1=1, C5a2a=1
Evens (Tompo) 0.519 27 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=6, C4a2=3, C4b=2, C4b1=2, C5d1=1
Nganasans 0.513 39 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=8
Tozhu Tuvans 0.479 48 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=16, C5=7
Evenks (Yakutia) 0.472 125 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b1=13, C4a1c=11, C4b9=9, C4a2=8, C4b=5, C5b1b=4, C5a2=3, C5d1=2, C4a1=1, C4a1d=1, C4b3a=1, C5a1=1
Tuvans 0.472 231 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=88, C5=21
Yakut 0.469 254 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=95, C5=24
Evens (Berezovka) 0.467 15 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b3a=4, C4b=1, C4b1=1, C4b7=1
Evenk (West) 0.466 73 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=29, C5=5
Evenks (Taimyr) 0.458 24 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=5, C4b1=4, C4a1c1a=1, C4a2=1
Yakut (Central) 0.457 164 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=16, C4a2=14, C5b1b=13, C4b1=8, C4a1d=7, C4b=4, C4b1a=3, C5a1=3, C4a1=2, C5b1a=2, C4b3a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Evens (Yakutia) 0.457 105 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=15, C5d1=11, C4a2=4, C4b3a=3, C4b1=2, C4b7=2, C4b9=2, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C7a1c=2, C4b1a=1, C4b2=1, C5a2a=1
Evenks (Nyukzha) 0.413 46 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a2=10, C4b1=3, C4a1c=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Yakut (Northern) 0.405 148 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=17, C4b1=16, C4a2=11, C5b1a=4, C5b1b=4, C4b9=3, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C5d1=1
Koryaks 0.400 15 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b=3, C5a2=3
Dolgans 0.390 154 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=33, C4b1=9, C5b1b=5, C4b3a=3, C4a2=2, C4b1a=2, C5b1a=2, C4b8=1, C4b=1, C5d1=1, C7a1c=1
Even 0.377 191 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=50, C5=22
Koryak 0.368 182 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=39, C5=28
Yakut (Vilyuy) 0.360 111 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=14, C4a2=10, C4b=5, C4b1=4, C4b1a=2, C5a2=2, C5b1b=2, C4a1=1
Evens (Kamchatka) 0.333 39 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b1=6, C4b3a=3, C4a1c=2, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Altai-Kizhi 0.322 90 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=21, C5=8
Chuvantsi 0.313 32 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=10
Oroqen 0.295 44 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=9, C5=4
Teleut 0.283 53 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=11, C5=4
Evens (Sakkyryyr) 0.261 23 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1c=2, C4b=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1=1
Udegey 0.226 31 Шаблон:Harvnb C4b1=6, C4a1d=1
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) 0.213 47 Шаблон:Harvnb C=10
Buryat 0.212 419 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=66, C1=3, C5=20
Khakassian 0.208 110 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=28, C5=2
Barghut 0.201 149 Шаблон:CN C4a1a1=6, C4a1a2=3, C4a1b2=3, C4a2a1=2, C4b1a=2, C4b1=2, C4=2, C5b=2, C4a1a=1, C4a1a1a2=1, C4a1a2a2=1, C4a2a2=1, C5a1=1, C5a2=1, C5b1a=1, C7=1
Tubalar 0.194 72 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=2
Altaian 0.191 110 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=21
Evenks (Iengra) 0.190 21 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a2=2, C4b1=1, C5a2=1
Udege 0.174 46 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=8
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) 0.170 47 Шаблон:Harvnb C4=4, C*(xC1,C4,C5)=3, C5=1
Telenghit 0.169 71 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=10, C5=2
Mongolian 0.153 150 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=2, C5=3
Negidal 0.152 33 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=3, C5=2
Kyrgyz (Kyzylsu) 0.145 138 Шаблон:CN C=20
Kyrgyz 0.140 200 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=1, C5=9
Ulch 0.138 87 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=6, C1=1, C5=5
Turkmen 0.135 178 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=14, C5=10
Chukchi 0.132 417 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=27 C5=28
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.132 53 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=5 C5=2
Itelmen 0.130 46 Шаблон:Harvnb C5=6
Shor 0.122 82 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=9 C5=1
Orok 0.115 61 Шаблон:Harvnb C1=7
Kyrgyz (Taxkorgan) 0.103 68 Шаблон:Harvnb C4=6, C5=1
Thai 0.100 40 Шаблон:Harvnb C=4
Nanai 0.094 85 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=5, C1=1, C5=2
Kazakh 0.086 511 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=32, C1=4, C5=8
Mongolian (Inner Mongolia) 0.083 97 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=5
Altaian (Kazakhstan) 0.082 98 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=8
Kyrgyz (Artux) 0.074 54 Шаблон:Harvnb C4=4
Tajik 0.073 82 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=6
Sarikoli 0.070 86 Шаблон:Harvnb C4a1a+A14878G=2, C4a1=2, C4b1=1, C4+T152C!+T4742C+T8602C=1
Daur 0.066 45 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=2, C1=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.064 47 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=3
Uzbek 0.061 130 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1, C5)=6, C5=2
Vietnamese 0.048 42 Шаблон:Harvnb C=2
Han Chinese 0.045 1930 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=72, C5=15
Thai 0.034 552 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=19
Korean (mostly Ulsan) 0.030 1094 Шаблон:CN C=33
Manchu 0.025 40 Шаблон:Harvnb C=1
Korean 0.024 694 Шаблон:CN C=17
Korean (China) 0.020 51 Шаблон:Harvnb C=1
Korean (Korea) 0.016 185 Шаблон:Harvnb C=3
Korean 0.015 537 Шаблон:Harvnb C5=4, C(xC1,C5)=4
Korean 0.010 103 Шаблон:Harvnb C(xC1,C4,C5)=1
Eskimo 0.008 254 Шаблон:CN C(xC1, C5)=2
Japanese 0.005 1312 Шаблон:Harvnb C1=4, C5=1, C(xC1,C5)=1
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.000 118 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Ainu 0.000 51 Шаблон:CN -
Nivkh 0.000 38 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Han (Beijing) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nivkh 0.000 56 Шаблон:Harvnb -

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[10] and subsequent published research.

Popular culture

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Dko не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Haplogroup C.
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 4,16 4,17 4,18 4,19 4,20 4,21 4,22 4,23 4,24 4,25 4,26 4,27 4,28 4,29 4,30 4,31 4,32 4,33 4,34 4,35 4,36 4,37 4,38 4,39 4,40 4,41 4,42 4,43 4,44 4,45 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Vikings brought Amerindian to Iceland 1,000 years ago: study, November 17, 2010
  8. ↑ First Americans 'reached Europe five centuries before Columbus voyages', 16 Nov 2010
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOven не указан текст
  11. ↑ 11,00 11,01 11,02 11,03 11,04 11,05 11,06 11,07 11,08 11,09 11,10 11,11 Guang‐Lin He, Meng‐Ge Wang, Xing Zou, Hui‐Yuan Yeh, Chang‐Hui Liu, Chao Liu, Gang Chen, and Chuan‐Chao Wang. Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity[J]. J Syst Evol, 2023, 61(1): 230-250.
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 12,11 12,12 12,13 12,14 12,15 12,16 12,17 YFull MTree 1.02.7045 (as of January 11, 2021)
  13. ↑ Filipa Simão, Christina Strobl, Carlos Vullo, et al., "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences." FSI Genetics Volume 39, P66-72, March 01, 2019. Published online December 19, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Starikovskaya, E.B., Sukernik, R.I., Derbeneva, O.A., Volodko, N.V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M.D., Lott, M.T., Hosseini, S.H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D.C., "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups." Annals of Human Genetics 69 (PT 1), 67-89 (2005).
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite bioRxiv
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 19,5 19,6 U.A. Perego, N. Angerhofer, M. Pala, et al., "The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia." Genome Res. 20 (9), 1174-1179 (2010).
  20. ↑ S. Kumar, C. Bellis, M. Zlojutro, et al., "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins." BMC Evol. Biol. 11 (1), 293 (2011).
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 R.S. Malhi, J.S. Cybulski, R.Y. Tito, et al., "Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as a founding genome in the Americas." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3), 494-497 (2010).
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 Kilinc, G.M., Kashuba, N., Yaka, R., Sumer, A.P., Yuncu, E., Shergin, D., Ivanov, G.L., Kichigin, D., Pestereva, K., Volkov, D., Mandryka, P., Kharinskii, A., Tishkin, A., Ineshin, E., Kovychev, E., Stepanov, A., Alekseev, A., Fedoseeva, S.A., Somel, M., Jakobsson, M., Krzewinska, M., Stora, J., and Gotherstrom, A., "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." Sci Rep 8 (1), 8969 (2018)
  25. ↑ 25,00 25,01 25,02 25,03 25,04 25,05 25,06 25,07 25,08 25,09 25,10 25,11 25,12 25,13 25,14 25,15 25,16 25,17 25,18 25,19 25,20 25,21 25,22 25,23 25,24 25,25 25,26 25,27 25,28 25,29 25,30 Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." PLoS ONE 16(1):e0244228.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244228
  26. ↑ 26,00 26,01 26,02 26,03 26,04 26,05 26,06 26,07 26,08 26,09 26,10 26,11 26,12 26,13 26,14 26,15 26,16 26,17 26,18 26,19 26,20 26,21 26,22 26,23 26,24 26,25 26,26 26,27 26,28 26,29 26,30 26,31 26,32 26,33 26,34 26,35 26,36 26,37 26,38 26,39 26,40 26,41 26,42 26,43 26,44 26,45 26,46 26,47 26,48 26,49 26,50 26,51 26,52 26,53 26,54 26,55 26,56 26,57 Derenko,M., Malyarchuk,B., Grzybowski,T., Denisova,G., Rogalla,U., Perkova,M., Dambueva,I., and Zakharov,I., "Origin and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia." PLoS ONE 5 (12), E15214 (2010).
  27. ↑ 27,00 27,01 27,02 27,03 27,04 27,05 27,06 27,07 27,08 27,09 27,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Malyarchuk,B., Derenko,M., Denisova,G., et al., "Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations." Mol. Genet. Genomics (2018).
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 32,4 32,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Dryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. et al. Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. BMC Evol Biol 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1
  34. ↑ Klunk, J., Duggan, A.T., Redfern, R., et al., "Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (2019).
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 35,5 35,6 35,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ O. A. Derbeneva, E. B. Starikovskaya, N. V. Volodko, D. C. Wallace, and R. I. Sukernik, "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Kets and Nganasans and Its Implications for the Initial Peopling of Northern Eurasia." Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1316–1321. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2002, pp. 1554–1560.
  37. ↑ Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al., "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ Malyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." Forensic Sci Int Genet 30, 51-56 (2017).
  41. ↑ Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." PLoS ONE 9 (1), E87775 (2014).
  42. ↑ Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva, et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans." PNAS May 8, 2012 109 (19) 7391-7396; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202484109.
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  45. ↑ Zhang,A.M., Bandelt,H.J., Jia,X., Zhang,W., Li,S., Yu,D., Wang,D., Zhuang,X.Y., Zhang,Q., and Yao,Y.G., "Is Mitochondrial tRNA Variant m.593T>C a Synergistically Pathogenic Mutation in Chinese LHON Families with m.11778G>A?" PLoS ONE 6 (10), E26511 (2011).
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite episode
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)&oldid=15134823