Английская Википедия:Haplogroup E (mtDNA)

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.

Origin

Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E. One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, on the northeast coast of Sundaland (near modern Borneo). In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the Late Glacial period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on Liang Island, one of the Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup. From this, Ko and colleagues argue that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago near the north Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the Austronesian language dispersal.Шаблон:Sfn Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.Шаблон:Sfn

Distribution

Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.Шаблон:Sfn It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among speakers of other language families. It has been detected in populations of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (including Sabah of Borneo, but not the Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal Papua New Guinea, and especially in the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Of the four principal subclades, E1b and E2a are found mainly in Maritime Southeast Asia, while only E1a and E2b are also found in Taiwan.Шаблон:Sfn E2b has low diversity within Taiwan, suggesting that it arrived there about 5,000 years ago.Шаблон:Sfn The most common E subclade, E1a1a, has highest diversity in Taiwan, followed by the Philippines and Sulawesi. Moreover, other branches of E1a1 are largely confined to Taiwan.Шаблон:Sfn

Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup E
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) 0.924 105 Шаблон:Harvnb E2a=68, E1a2=29
East Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) 0.266 237 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.214 70 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1
Filipino (Visayas) 0.214 112 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1
East Indonesian (Ambon) 0.163 43 Шаблон:Harvnb E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2
East Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) 0.160 50 Шаблон:Harvnb E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1
Indonesian (Bangka) 0.147 34 Шаблон:Harvnb E=5
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) 0.146 157 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino 0.125 64 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.124 177 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1
Taiwan (aborigine) 0.120 640 Шаблон:Harvnb E=77
East Indonesian (Alor) 0.111 45 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=3, E1b=2
East Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) 0.091 44 Шаблон:Harvnb E1b=3, E1a=1
Indonesian (Padang, Sumatra) 0.083 24 Шаблон:Harvnb E=2
Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) 0.071 42 Шаблон:Harvnb E=3
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Medan, Bangka, Palembang, & Padang) 0.067 180 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1
Indonesian (Bali) 0.061 82 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino (Palawan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a=1
Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) 0.036 28 Шаблон:Harvnb E=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.034 29 Шаблон:Harvnb E=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.032 31 Шаблон:Harvnb E=1
Indonesian (Java, incl. 36 from Tengger) 0.022 46 Шаблон:Harvnb E1b=1
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) 0.019 52 Шаблон:Harvnb E=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.012 168 Шаблон:Harvnb E1a1a=1, E2a=1
Carolinian (Saipan) 0.000 17 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.000 28 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Cun (Hainan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Danga (Hainan) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.000 52 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.000 102 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Li (Hainan) 0.000 346 Шаблон:Harvnb -

Subclades

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variationШаблон:Sfn and subsequent published research.

  • E
    • E1
      • E1a
        • E1a1
          • E1a1a
            • E1a1a1
        • E1a2
      • E1b
        • E1b1
    • E2
      • E2a
      • E2b
        • E2b1
        • E2b2

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Haplogroup_E_(mtDNA)&oldid=15134848