Английская Википедия:Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

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Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.

Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup.[1] Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk.[2][3] Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.[4][5][6][7] However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Itelmen 0.681 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=32
Koryak 0.419 155 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.281 32 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=9
Negidal 0.273 33 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.233 133 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.200 20 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=4
Ainu 0.196 51 [8] G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.182 44 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.170 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.167 48 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.167 24 Шаблон:Harvnb G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.163 49 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.158 19 Шаблон:Harvnb G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.146 82 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas) 0.146 48 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.145 55 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.128 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.125 40 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu) 0.116 1617 Шаблон:Harvnb G=188
Ulch 0.115 87 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.114 44 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.107 56 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.106 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan 0.105 95 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.105 19 Шаблон:CN G2=2
Japanese 0.104 211 Шаблон:Harvnb G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.103 29 Шаблон:Harvnb G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.103 29 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.103 185 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.102 118 Шаблон:Harvnb G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.101 99 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing) 0.100 40 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian 0.100 40 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.098 41 Шаблон:CN G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.096 282 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.095 105 Шаблон:Harvnb G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.094 149 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi 0.091 66 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.091 11 Шаблон:CN G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.089 45 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.089 45 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.088 217 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.085 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)
0.085 130 Шаблон:CN G2=8
G(xG2)=3
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.083 36 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.082 110 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat 0.080 25 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=1, G3=1
Buryat 0.079 126 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.079 203 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.074 68 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan) 0.071 28 Шаблон:Harvnb G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.069 58 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.069 160 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea) 0.068 103 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.068 633 Шаблон:Harvnb G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.068 148 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.067 15 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.067 45 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.067 30 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian 0.067 105 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.065 31 Шаблон:CN G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.063 32 Шаблон:CN G2=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.061 261 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi 0.061 98 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.060 100 Шаблон:Harvnb G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University) 0.058 121 Шаблон:Harvnb G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.057 35 Шаблон:Harvnb G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.057 53 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi 0.056 90 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.056 54 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver, Colorado) 0.055 73 Шаблон:Harvnb G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) 0.055 55 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.054 336 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.054 56 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.050 40 Шаблон:CN G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 40 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.050 40 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin) 0.049 61 Шаблон:Harvnb G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.049 102 Шаблон:CN G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.049 164 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.049 103 Шаблон:CN G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese 0.048 42 Шаблон:Harvnb G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.047 256 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.047 64 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.045 44 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.045 22 Шаблон:Harvnb G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan) 0.043 23 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.042 48 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.041 73 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.040 50 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2
Korean (northern China) 0.039 51 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan) 0.038 26 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.038 26 Шаблон:CN G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.036 111 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.036 28 Шаблон:CN G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan) 0.033 30 Шаблон:CN G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.033 30 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan) 0.032 31 Шаблон:CN G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.032 31 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.031 32 Шаблон:CN G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan) 0.030 33 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) 0.029 137 Шаблон:Harvnb G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California) 0.028 390 Шаблон:Harvnb G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.028 71 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.028 36 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.026 39 Шаблон:CN G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut 0.026 117 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky) 0.024 125 Шаблон:Harvnb G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan) 0.024 42 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.022 45 Шаблон:Harvnb G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.022 91 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan) 0.021 1117 Шаблон:Harvnb G=24
Han (Xinjiang) 0.021 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) 0.021 47 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi) 0.021 48 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) 0.020 98 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey) 0.020 50 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Khanty 0.019 106 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan) 0.018 55 Шаблон:Harvnb G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.018 57 Шаблон:Harvnb G3=1
Mansi 0.016 63 Шаблон:Harvnb G2=1
Okinawa 0.015 326 Шаблон:Harvnb G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.012 82 Шаблон:Harvnb G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan) 0.010 100 Шаблон:Harvnb G=1
Li (Hainan) 0.009 346 Шаблон:CN G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) 0.006 154 Шаблон:Harvnb G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.006 168 Шаблон:CN G=1
Taiwan aborigines 0.002 640 Шаблон:CN G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 Шаблон:CN -
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.000 18 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Filipino (Palawan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.000 20 Шаблон:CN -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.000 24 Шаблон:CN -
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 25 Шаблон:CN -
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 27 Шаблон:CN -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.000 29 Шаблон:CN -
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.000 31 Шаблон:CN -
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.000 35 Шаблон:CN -
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.000 35 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Aleut (Commander Islands) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Sireniki) 0.000 37 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Naukan) 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nganasan 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Thai 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.000 42 Шаблон:CN -
Eskimo (Chaplin) 0.000 50 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.000 53 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Han (Hunan & Fujian) 0.000 55 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Finland) 0.000 69 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.000 82 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Canada) 0.000 96 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Sweden) 0.000 98 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.000 163 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Norway) 0.000 278 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Greenland) 0.000 385 Шаблон:Harvnb -

Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal.[9][10] The subclade G2a3 has been observed in Russia, an Azeri in Iran,[11] and a Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China;[12] its subclade G2a3a has been observed among Komis and Udmurts.[13] Subclade G2a4 has been observed in China, Taiwan, and in a Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats, Barghuts, and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).

Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan.[14] G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Sarikoli,[12] Korean, Manchu, Yi,[15] Jino,[15] Yunnan Dai,[15] Jiangxi Han,[15] and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Tajikistan (Pamiris[12]), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and central Siberia (Yakut, Altai-kizhi). G1c has been found in China, Korea, and a Seletar.

Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans,[16] Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Naxi,[15] Uyghurs,[12] Sarikolis,[12] Tajiks, Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Han Chinese in Sichuan,[15] Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.

Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou.[15]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[17] and subsequent published research.

  • G
    • G1
      • G1a
        • G1a1
          • G1a1a
            • G1a1a1
            • G1a1a2
            • G1a1a3
        • G1a2'3
          • G1a2
          • G1a3
            • G1a3a
      • G1b
      • G1c
    • G2
      • G2a
        • G2a1
          • G2a1a
          • G2a1b
          • G2a1c
        • G2a2
        • G2a3
          • G2a3a
        • G2a4
      • G2b
        • G2b1
    • G3
      • G3a
        • G3a1
        • G3a2
      • G3b
        • G3b1
    • G4

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

  1. Haplogroup G.
  2. mtDNA Haplogroup Testing Шаблон:Webarchive
  3. Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2018), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8
  13. Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al., "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
  14. Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 Qing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Hua-Wei Wang, et al. (2011), "Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region." Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(1):513–522. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq219
  16. Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOven не указан текст