Английская Википедия:Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the field of medical genetics, certain polymorphisms specific to haplogroup J have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.[1]

Origin

Around 45,000 years before present, a mutation took place in the DNA of a woman who lived in the Near East or Caucasus. Further mutations occurred in the J line, which can be identified as the subclades J1a1, J1c1 (27,000 yrs ago), J2a (19,000 yrs ago), J2b2 (16,000 years ago), and J2b3 (5,800 yrs ago). Haplogroup J bearers along with persons carrying the T mtDNA clade settled in Europe from the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.

Coalescence time estimates for the subclades of mitochondrial haplogroup J
Subclade European coalescence time[1] Near East coalescence time[1]
J1a1 27,300 years (± 8,000 years) 17,700 years (± 2,500 years)
J1a2 7,700 years (± 3,500 years) —
J1b 5,000 years (± 2,200 years) 23,300 years (± 4,300 years)
J2a 19,200 years(± 6,900 years) —
J2b1 — 15,000 years (± 5,000 years)
J2b2 16,600* years (± 8,100 years) 16,000 years (± 5,700 years)
J2b3 5,800 years (± 2,900 years) —

*Typographical error, was 161,600 years from original source material as per time table describing the spread of populations given in the same study.

However, any statements concerning the geographic origin of this or any other haplogroup are highly speculative and considered by most population geneticists to be 'story telling' and outside the domain of science.Шаблон:Citation needed Furthermore, inferring close associations between a haplogroup and a specific archaeological culture can be equally problematic.Шаблон:By whom

Age of younger branches of mtHG J
Subclade Alphanumeric assignation Calculated age via empirical spread and mutational drift rate ratio[2]
CI=95%
J2 28,259.7 ± 4,605.0 (Between 23,700 and 32,900 years old)
J2a 24,051.5 ± 4,183.2 (Between 19,900 and 28,200 years old)
J2a1 21,186.1 ± 4,485.5 (Between 16,700 and 25,700 years old)
J2a1a 12,986.1 ± 4,077.7 (Between 8,900 and 17,100 years old)
J2a1a1 8,949.8 ± 3,051.3 (Between 5,900 and 12,000 years old)
J2a1a1a 7,591.6 ± 2,889.6 (Between 4,700 and 10,500 years old)
J2a1a1a2 3,618.9 ± 2,973.9 (Between 600 and 6,600 years old)

Distribution

Файл:Frequency maps based on HVS-I data for haplogroups J.png
Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup J.

Basal haplogroup J* is found among the Soqotri (9.2%).[3]

The average frequency of haplogroup J as a whole is today highest in the Near East (12%), followed by Europe (11%), the Caucasus (8%) and Northeast Africa (6%). Of the two main sub-groups, J1 takes up four-fifths of the total and is spread widely on the continent while J2 is more localised around the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy/Sardinia and Spain.

There is also limited evidence that the subclade J1 has long been present in Central Asia. For instance, perhaps the highest incidence of haplogroup J is the 19% of Polish Roma, who belong to J1 (although this has also been ascribed to a "founder effect" of some kind).[4] In Pakistan, where West Eurasian lineages occur at frequencies of up to 50% in some ethno-linguistic groups, the incidence of J1 averages around 5%, while J2 is very rare. However, J2 is found amongst 9% of the Kalash minority of north-west Pakistan.[5]

In the Arabian peninsula, mtDNA haplogroup J is found among Saudis (10.5–18.8% J1b) and Yemenis (0–20% J1b). The J1b subclade also occurs in the Near East among Iraqis (7.1%) and Palestinians (4%).[6]

In Africa, haplogroup J is concentrated in the northeast. It is found among Algerians (3.23–14.52%),[7] as well as Sudanese Copts (10.3% J1a; 10.3% J2),[8] Sudanese Fulani (10.7% J1b),[8] Meseria (6.7% J1b),[8] Arakien (5.9% J1b),[8] Egyptians (5.9%),[9] Mozabite Berbers (3.53%),[7] Sudanese Hausa (2.9% J1b),[8] Zenata Berbers (2.74%),[7] Beja (2.1% J1b),[8] and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).[7]

Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows:[10]

  • J* = Ireland — 12%, England-Wales — 11%, Scotland — 9%, Orkney — 8%, Germany — 7%, Russia (European) — 7%, Iceland — 7%, Austria-Switzerland — 5%, Finland-Estonia — 5%, Spain-Portugal — 4%, France-Italy — 3%
  • J1a = Austria-Switzerland — 3%
  • J1b1 = Scotland — 4%
  • J2 = France-Italy — 2%
  • J2a = Homogenously spread in Europe; absent in the nations around the Caucasus; not known to be found elsewhere.[1]
  • J2b1 = Virtually absent in Europe; found in diverse forms in the Near East.[1]
  • J2b1a = Found in Western Europe and Russia.[1]

Haplogroup J has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[11] Haplogroup J has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been dardiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the J1c3 subclade (1/7; ~14%).[12] The J clade has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site. Around 22% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various J subclades, including undifferentiated J (1/9; 11%) and J1c3f (1/9; 11%).[13]

In Eastern Siberia, haplogroup J1c5 has been observed in samples of Yakuts (3/111 = 2.7% Vilyuy Yakut,[14] 2/148 = 1.4% Northern Yakut,[14] 1/88 = 1.1% Central Yakut,[15] 1/164 = 0.6% Central Yakut[14]), Evenks in Yakutia (4/125 = 3.2%[14]), and Evens in Yakutia (1/105 = 1.0%[14]). Haplogroup J2a2b3 has been observed in a sample of Nyukzha Evenks (2/46 = 4.3%[15]). Haplogroup J2 also has been observed in a sample of Evenks collected in Olenyoksky District, Zhigansky District, and Ust-Maysky District of Yakutia (7/125 = 5.6%[14]). One instance of haplogroup J1c10a1 has been observed in the Human Genome Diversity Project's sample of ten Oroqen individuals from northernmost China.

Subclades

Файл:Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup J.png
Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup J. Ages (in ka) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup J subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[16] and subsequent published research.

Genetic traits

It has been theorizedШаблон:By whom that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation related to SNPs which define mt-haplogroup J consequently produces higher body heat in the phenotype of mtDNA J individuals. This has been linked to selective pressure for the presence of the haplogroup in northern Europe, particularly Norway.[17] Individuals from haplogroups UK, J1c and J2 were found to be more susceptible to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy because they have reduced oxidative phosphorylation capacity, which results in part from lower mtDNA levels.[18] J mtDNA has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to AIDS and death.[19] The T150C mutation, which is exclusive to but not definitive of, the J2 subclade of Haplogroup J may be part of a likely nuclearly controlled general machinery regarding the remodeling & replication of mtDNA. Controlling a remodeling which could accelerate mtDNA replication thus compensating for oxidative damage in mtDNA as well as functional deterioration occurring with old age related to it.[20] Haplogroup J was found to be a protective factor against ischemic cardiomyopathy.[21] It was also found that Haplogroup J was a protective factor among osteoarthritis patients from Spain[22] but not from UK,[23] and this was hypothesized to be due to a different genetic composition (polymorphisms) of the Haplogroup J in both populations. A study involving patients of European and West Asian origin or descent showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H.[24]

Popular culture

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Piia Serk, Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J in Europe and Near East, Thesis, Tartu 2004 Шаблон:Webarchive
  2. ↑ A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R., American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 90(4), pg. 675-684, 2012
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ B.A. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M.V. Derenko, J. Czarny, and D. Miścicka-Śliwka, Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Polish Roma, Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 70 (2006), pp. 195-206.
  5. ↑ Lluís Quintana-Murci, Raphaëlle Chaix, R. Spencer Wells, Doron M. Behar, Hamid Sayar, Rosaria Scozzari, Chiara Rengo, Nadia Al-Zahery, Ornella Semino, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, Alfredo Coppa, Qasim Ayub, Aisha Mohyuddin, Chris Tyler-Smith, S. Qasim Mehdi, Antonio Torroni, and Ken McElreavey, Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor, American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 74 (2004), pp. 827–845.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite journal; S5 Table
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Lucia Simoni, Francesc Calafell, Davide Pettener, Jaume Bertranpetit, and Guido Barbujani, Geographic Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Europe, American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 66 (2000), pp. 262–278.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOven не указан текст
  17. ↑ Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA & Y chromosome polymorphisms Шаблон:Webarchive
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ 23andMe
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal

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