Английская Википедия:Haplogroup R1a

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

Файл:R1A map.jpg
Map showing frequency of R1a haplogroup in Europe

Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, southern Siberia and South Asia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

While one genetic study indicates that R1a originated 25,000Шаблон:Sfn years ago, its subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified c. 5,800 years ago.Шаблон:Sfn The place of origin of the subclade plays a role in the debate about the origins of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

The SNP mutation R-M420 was discovered after R-M17 (R1a1a), which resulted in a reorganization of the lineage in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R-M420*) for the relatively rare lineages which are not in the R-SRY10831.2 (R1a1) branch leading to R-M17. Шаблон:TOC limit

Origins

R1a origins

The genetic divergence of R1a (M420) is estimated to have occurred 25,000Шаблон:Sfn years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum. A 2014 study by Peter A. Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was "a compelling case for the Middle East, possibly near present-day Iran, as the geographic origin of hg R1a".Шаблон:Sfn The ancient DNA record has shown the first R1a during the Mesolithic in Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (from Eastern Europe, c. 13,000 years ago),[1][2] and the earliest case of R* among Upper Paleolithic Ancient North Eurasians,[3] from which the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers predominantly derive their ancestry.[4]

Diversification of R1a1a1 (M417) and ancient migrations

Файл:R1a origins (Underhill 2010) and R1a1a oldest expansion and highest frequency (2014).jpg
R1a origins (Underhill 2009;Шаблон:Sfn R1a1a origins (Шаблон:Harvnb); possible migration R1a to Baltic coast; and R1a1a oldest expansion and highest frequency (Шаблон:Harvnb)

According to Шаблон:Harvp, the downstream R1a-M417 subclade diversified into Z282 and Z93 circa 5,800 years ago "in the vicinity of Iran and Eastern Turkey".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Even though R1a occurs as a Y-chromosome haplogroup among various languages such as Slavic and Indo-Iranian, the question of the origins of R1a1a is relevant to the [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|ongoing debate concerning the Шаблон:Lang]] of the Proto-Indo-European people, and may also be relevant to the origins of the Indus Valley civilization. R1a shows a strong correlation with Indo-European languages of Southern and Western Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and to ScandinaviaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn being most prevalent in Eastern Europe, West Asia, and South Asia. In Europe, Z282 is prevalent particularly while in Asia Z93 dominates. The connection between Y-DNA R-M17 and the spread of Indo-European languages was first noted by T. Zerjal and colleagues in 1999.[5]

Proposed steppe dispersal of R1a1a

Шаблон:See also

Шаблон:Harvp proposed Ukrainian origins, and a postglacial spread of the R1a1 haplogroup during the Late Glacial Maximum, subsequently magnified by the expansion of the Kurgan culture into Europe and eastward.Шаблон:Sfn Spencer Wells proposes Central Asian origins, suggesting that the distribution and age of R1a1 points to an ancient migration corresponding to the spread by the Kurgan people in their expansion from the Eurasian steppe.Шаблон:Sfn According to Шаблон:Harvp, R1a1a diversified in the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the Pontic–Caspian steppes, along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp noted that R1a in South Asia most "likely spread from a single Central Asian source pool, there do seem to be at least three and probably more R1a founder clades within the Indian subcontinent, consistent with multiple waves of arrival."Шаблон:Sfn According to Martin P. Richards, co-author of Шаблон:Harvp, the prevalence of R1a in India was "very powerful evidence for a substantial Bronze Age migration from central Asia that most likely brought Indo-European speakers to India."[6]Шаблон:Refn

Proposed South Asian origins

Kivisild et al. (2003) have proposed either South or West Asia,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn while Шаблон:Harvp see support for both South and Central Asia.Шаблон:Sfn Sengupta et al. (2006) have proposed Indian origins.[7] Thanseem et al. (2006) have proposed either South or Central Asia.[8] Sahoo et al. (2006) have proposed either South or West Asia.[9] Thangaraj et al. (2010) have also proposed a South Asian origin.[10] Sharma et al.(2009) theorizes the existence of R1a in India beyond 18,000 years to possibly 44,000 years in origin.Шаблон:Sfn

South Asian populations have the highest STR diversity within R1a1a,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and subsequent older TMRCA datings,Шаблон:Citation needed and R1a1a is present among both higher (Brahmin) castes and lower castes, although the frequency is higher among Brahmin castes. Nevertheless, the oldest TMRCA datings of the R1a haplogroup occur in the Saharia tribe, a scheduled caste of the Bundelkhand region of Central India.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn From these findings some researchers have concluded that R1a1a originated in South Asia,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn excluding a more recent, yet minor, genetic influx from Indo-European migrants in northwestern regions such as Afghanistan, Balochistan, Punjab, and Kashmir.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

However, this diversity, and the subsequent older TMRCA-datings, can also be explained by the historically high population numbers,Шаблон:Refn which increases the likelihood of diversification and microsatellite variation.[6]Шаблон:Sfn According to Sengupta et al. (2006), "[R1a1 and R2] could have actually arrived in southern India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn However, Sengupta also described in this article:

Шаблон:Blockquote

In the MIT publishing, "Inequality a genetic Theory", it is stated "the phylogenetic reconstruction of R1a does not support a South Asian origin." Despite the source (i.e. MIT) bearing credibility, the phylogenetic reconstruction the author is referring to is not cited, also excluding the fact that phylogenetic reconstructions have large margins of error mainly attributing to "Model Uncertainty" since assumptions are made on the evolutionary/Mutation process beforehand (Here it would refer to Different models of evolution may produce different phylogenetic trees, leading to uncertainty in the inferred relationships.), also excluding errors generated due to sampling, measurement and of course statistical uncertainty. The mainstream position among geneticists is that haplogroup R1a did not originate in South Asia, and that the bearers of haplogroup R1a moved from West Asia to South Asia some time after the establishment of the Indus Valley Civilization.[11][12]

Proposed Yamnaya origins

Файл:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg
European middle-Neolithic period. Comb Ware culture c. 4200 – c. 2000 BCE
Файл:Map Corded Ware culture-en.svg
Corded Ware culture (c. 2900 – c. 2350 BCE

David Anthony considers the Yamnaya culture to be the Indo-European Urheimat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Шаблон:Harvp, a massive migration from the Yamnaya culture northwards took place c. 2,500 BCE, accounting for 75% of the genetic ancestry of the Corded Ware culture, noting that R1a and R1b may have "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE".Шаблон:Sfn Yet, all their seven Yamnaya samples belonged to the R1b-M269 subclade,Шаблон:Sfn but no R1a1a has been found in their Yamnaya samples. This raises the question where the R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture came from, if it was not from the Yamnaya culture.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Marc Haber, the absence of haplogroup R1a-M458 in Afghanistan does not support a Pontic-Caspian steppe origin for the R1a lineages in modern Central Asian populations.[13]

According to Leo Klejn, the absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya remains (despite its presence in Eneolithic Samara and Eastern Hunter Gatherer populations) makes it unlikely that Europeans inherited haplogroup R1a from Yamnaya.[14]

Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe has said that the absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya specimens is a major weakness in Haak's proposal that R1a has a Yamnaya origin.[15]

Шаблон:Harvp do argue for a Yamnaya origin of R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture, noting that several publications point to the presence of R1a1 in the Comb Ware culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Proposed Transcaucasia and West Asian origins and possible influence on Indus Valley Civilization

Шаблон:See also

Шаблон:Harvp found that part of the Yamnaya ancestry derived from the Middle East and that neolithic techniques probably arrived at the Yamnaya culture from the Balkans.Шаблон:Refn The Rössen culture (4,600–4,300 BC), which was situated on Germany and predates the Corded Ware culture, an old subclade of R1a, namely L664, can still be found.Шаблон:Refn

Part of the South Asian genetic ancestry derives from west Eurasian populations, and some researchers have implied that Z93 may have come to India via IranШаблон:Sfn and expanded there during the Indus Valley civilization.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp proposed that the roots of Z93 lie in West Asia, and proposed that "Z93 and L342.2 expanded in a southeasterly direction from Transcaucasia into South Asia",Шаблон:Sfn noting that such an expansion is compatible with "the archeological records of eastward expansion of West Asian populations in the 4th millennium BCE culminating in the so-called Kura-Araxes migrations in the post-Uruk IV period."Шаблон:Sfn Yet, Lazaridis noted that sample I1635 of Шаблон:Harvp, their Armenian Kura-Araxes sample, carried Y-haplogroup R1b1-M415(xM269)Шаблон:Refn (also called R1b1a1b-CTS3187).[16]Шаблон:Unreliable source?

According to Шаблон:Harvp the diversification of Z93 and the "early urbanization within the Indus Valley ... occurred at [5,600 years ago] and the geographic distribution of R1a-M780 (Figure 3dШаблон:Refn) may reflect this."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Шаблон:Harvp note that "striking expansions" occurred within R1a-Z93 at c. 4,500–4,000 years ago, which "predates by a few centuries the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

However, according to Шаблон:Harvp, steppe pastoralists are a likely source for R1a in India.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Phylogeny

The R1a family tree now has three major levels of branching, with the largest number of defined subclades within the dominant and best known branch, R1a1a (which will be found with various names such as "R1a1" in relatively recent but not the latest literature).

Topology

The topology of R1a is as follows (codes [in brackets] non-isogg codes):[17][18]Шаблон:Verify source[19]Шаблон:Sfn[20] Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Tree list

Шаблон:Tree list/end

Haplogroup R

R-M173 (R1)

R1a is distinguished by several unique markers, including the M420 mutation. It is a subclade of Haplogroup R-M173 (previously called R1). R1a has the sister-subclades Haplogroup R1b-M343, and the paragroup R-M173*.

R-M420 (R1a)

R-M420, defined by the mutation M420, has two branches: R-SRY1532.2, defined by the mutation SRY1532.2, which makes up the vast majority; and R-M420*, the paragroup, defined as M420 positive but SRY1532.2 negative. (In the 2002 scheme, this SRY1532.2 negative minority was one part of the relatively rare group classified as the paragroup R1*.) Mutations understood to be equivalent to M420 include M449, M511, M513, L62, and L63.Шаблон:Sfn[22]

Only isolated samples of the new paragroup R-M420* were found by Underhill 2009, mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus: 1/121 Omanis, 2/150 Iranians, 1/164 in the United Arab Emirates, and 3/612 in Turkey. Testing of 7224 more males in 73 other Eurasian populations showed no sign of this category.Шаблон:Sfn

This paragroup is now known as R1a2 (R-YP4141). It then has two branches R1a2a (R-YP5018) and R1a2b (R-YP4132).

R-SRY1532.2 (R1a1)

R1a1 is defined by SRY1532.2 or SRY10831.2 (understood to always include SRY10831.2, M448, L122, M459, and M516Шаблон:Sfn[23]). This family of lineages is dominated by M17 and M198. In contrast, paragroup R-SRY1532.2* lacks either the M17 or M198 markers.

The R-SRY1532.2* paragroup is apparently less rare than R1*, but still relatively unusual, though it has been tested in more than one survey. Underhill et al. (2009) reported 1/51 in Norway, 3/305 in Sweden, 1/57 Greek Macedonians, 1/150 Iranians, 2/734 ethnic Armenians, and 1/141 Kabardians.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Harvp reported R-SRY1532.2* for 1/15 Himachal Pradesh Rajput samples.Шаблон:Sfn

R-M17/M198 (R1a1a)

The following SNPs are associated with R1a1a:

SNP Mutation Y-position (NCBI36) Y-position (GRCh37) RefSNP ID
M17 INS G 20192556 21733168 rs3908
M198 C->T 13540146 15030752 rs2020857
M512 C->T 14824547 16315153 rs17222146
M514 C->T 17884688 19375294 rs17315926
M515 T->A 12564623 14054623 rs17221601
L168 A->G 14711571 16202177 -
L449 C->T 21376144 22966756 -
L457 G->A 14946266 16436872 rs113195541
L566 C->T - - -

R-M417 (R1a1a1)

R1a1a1 (R-M417) is the most widely found subclade, in two variations which are found respectively in Europe (R1a1a1b1 (R-Z282) ([R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282) (Underhill 2014)Шаблон:Sfn) and Central and South Asia (R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) ([R1a1a2*] (R-Z93) Underhill 2014)Шаблон:Sfn).

R-Z282 (R1a1a1b1a) (Eastern Europe)

This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

  • R1a1a1b1a [R1a1a1a* (Underhill (2014))] (R-Z282*) occurs in northern Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia at a frequency of c. 20%.Шаблон:Sfn
  • R1a1a1b1a3 [R1a1a1a1 (Underhill (2014))] (R-Z284) occurs in Northwest Europe and peaks at c. 20% in Norway.Шаблон:Sfn
  • R1a1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204) is apparently rare: it was found in 1 of 117 males typed in southern Iran.Шаблон:Sfn
R-M458 (R1a1a1b1a1)
Файл:R-M458 frequency distribution.PNG
Frequency distribution of R-M458

R-M458 is a mainly Slavic SNP, characterized by its own mutation, and was first called cluster N. Underhill et al. (2009) found it to be present in modern European populations roughly between the Rhine catchment and the Ural Mountains and traced it to "a founder effect that ... falls into the early Holocene period, 7.9±2.6 KYA." (Zhivotovsky speeds, 3x overvalued)Шаблон:Sfn M458 was found in one skeleton from a 14th-century grave field in Usedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.[24] The paper by Underhill et al. (2009) also reports a surprisingly high frequency of M458 in some Northern Caucasian populations (18% among Ak Nogai,[25] 7.8% among Qara Nogai and 3.4% among Abazas).[26]

R-L260 (R1a1a1b1a1a)

R1a1a1b1a1a (R-L260), commonly referred to as West Slavic or Polish, is a subclade of the larger parent group R-M458, and was first identified as an STR cluster by Шаблон:Harvnb. In 2010 it was verified to be a haplogroup identified by its own mutation (SNP).[27] It apparently accounts for about 8% of Polish men, making it the most common subclade in Poland. Outside of Poland it is less common.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to Poland, it is mainly found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and is considered "clearly West Slavic". The founding ancestor of R-L260 is estimated to have lived between 2000 and 3000 years ago, i.e. during the Iron Age, with significant population expansion less than 1,500 years ago.Шаблон:Sfn

R-M334

R-M334 ([R1a1a1g1],[20] a subclade of [R1a1a1g] (M458)[20] c.q. R1a1a1b1a1 (M458)[19]) was found by Underhill et al. (2009) only in one Estonian man and may define a very recently founded and small clade.Шаблон:Sfn

R1a1a1b1a2 (S466/Z280, S204/Z91)
R1a1a1b1a2b3* (Gwozdz's Cluster K)

R1a1a1b1a2b3* (M417+, Z645+, Z283+, Z282+, Z280+, CTS1211+, CTS3402, Y33+, CTS3318+, Y2613+) (Gwozdz's Cluster K)[18]Шаблон:Verify source is a STR based group that is R-M17(xM458). This cluster is common in Poland but not exclusive to Poland.Шаблон:Sfn

R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365)

R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365)[19] was early called Cluster G.Шаблон:Citation needed

R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) (Asia)

Relative frequency of R-M434 to R-M17
Region People N R-M17 R-M434
Number Freq. (%) Number Freq. (%)
Pakistan Baloch 60 9 15% 5 8%
Pakistan Makrani 60 15 25% 4 7%
Middle East Oman 121 11 9% 3 2.5%
Pakistan Sindhi 134 65 49% 2 1.5%
Table only shows positive sets from N = 3667 derived from 60 Eurasian populations sample.Шаблон:Sfn

This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia, being related to Indo-European migrations (including Scythians, Indo-Aryan migrations and so on).Шаблон:Sfn

  • R-Z93* or R1a1a1b2* (R1a1a2* in Underhill (2014)) is most common (>30%) in the South Siberian Altai region of Russia, cropping up in Kyrgyzstan (6%) and in all Iranian populations (1-8%).Шаблон:Sfn
  • R-Z2125 occurs at highest frequencies in Kyrgyzstan and in Afghan Pashtuns (>40%). At a frequency of >10%, it is also observed in other Afghan ethnic groups and in some populations in the Caucasus and Iran.Шаблон:Sfn
    • R-M434 is a subclade of Z2125. It was detected in 14 people (out of 3667 people tested), all in a restricted geographical range from Pakistan to Oman. This likely reflects a recent mutation event in Pakistan.Шаблон:Sfn
  • R-M560 is very rare and was only observed in four samples: two Burushaski speakers (north Pakistan), one Hazara (Afghanistan), and one Iranian Azerbaijani.Шаблон:Sfn
  • R-M780 occurs at high frequency in South Asia: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Himalayas. Turkey share R1a (12.1%) sublineages.[28] Roma from Slovakia share 3% of R1a[29] The group also occurs at >3% in some Iranian populations and is present at >30% in Roma from Croatia and Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn

Geographic distribution of R1a1a

Файл:Y-Haplogroup R1 distribution.png
Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red)

Pre-Historical

In Mesolithic Europe, R1a is characteristic of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs).Шаблон:Sfn A male EHG of the Veretye culture buried at Peschanitsa near Lake Lacha in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia c. 10,700 BCE was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1a5-YP1301 and the maternal haplogroup U4a.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A Mesolithic male from Karelia c. 8,800 BCE to 7950 BCE has been found to be carrying haplogroup R1a.Шаблон:Sfn A Mesolithic male buried at Deriivka c. 7000 BCE to 6700 BCE carried the paternal haplogroup R1a and the maternal U5a2a.Шаблон:Sfn Another male from Karelia from c. 5,500 to 5,000 BC, who was considered an EHG, carried haplogroup R1a.Шаблон:Sfn A male from the Comb Ceramic culture in Kudruküla c. 5,900 BCE to 3,800 BCE has been determined to be a carrier of R1a and the maternal U2e1.Шаблон:Sfn According to archaeologist David Anthony, the paternal R1a-Z93 was found at the Oskol river near a no longer existing kolkhoz "Alexandria", Ukraine c. 4000 BCE, "the earliest known sample to show the genetic adaptation to lactase persistence (13910-T)."Шаблон:Sfn R1a has been found in the Corded Ware culture,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in which it is predominant.Шаблон:Sfn Examined males of the Bronze Age Fatyanovo culture belong entirely to R1a, specifically subclade R1a-Z93.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Haplogroup R1a has later been found in ancient fossils associated with the Urnfield culture;[30] as well as the burial of the remains of the Sintashta,Шаблон:Sfn Andronovo,Шаблон:Sfn the Pazyryk,Шаблон:Sfn Tagar,Шаблон:Sfn Tashtyk,Шаблон:Sfn and Srubnaya cultures, the inhabitants of ancient Tanais,[31] in the Tarim mummies,Шаблон:Sfn and the aristocracy of Xiongnu.Шаблон:Sfn The skeletal remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau (in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker SRY10831.2. The Ysearch number for the Eulau remains is 2C46S. The ancestral clade was thus present in Europe at least 4600 years ago, in association with one site of the widespread Corded Ware culture.Шаблон:Sfn

Europe

In Europe, the R1a1 sub-clade is found at highest levels among peoples of Central and Eastern European descent, with results ranging from 35% to 65% among Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, western Ukrainians, Rusyns, Belarusians, Moldovans, and Russians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the Baltics, R1a1a frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are in R1a1a.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1a lineage further out, accounting for at least part of the small presence in the British Isles, the Canary Islands, and Sicily.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In East Germany, Haplogroup R1a1a averages between 20 and 30%, with a peak in Rostock at 31.3%, it.Шаблон:Sfn

In Southern Europe R1a1a is not common, but significant levels have been found in pockets, such as in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source needed The Balkans shows wide variation between areas with significant levels of R1a1a, for example 36–39% in Slovenia,[32] 27–34% in Croatia,Шаблон:Sfn[33][34][35][36] and over 30% in Greek Macedonia, but less than 10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece south of Olympus gorge.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

R1a is virtually composed only of the Z284 subclade in Scandinavia. In Slovenia, the main subclade is Z282 (Z280 and M458), although the Z284 subclade was found in one sample of a Slovenian. There is a negligible representation of Z93 in Turkey, 12,1%[28]Шаблон:Sfn West Slavs and Hungarians are characterized by a high frequency of the subclade M458 and a low Z92, a subclade of Z280. Hundreds of Slovenian samples and Czechs lack the Z92 subclade of Z280, while Poles, Slovaks, Croats and Hungarians only show a very low frequency of Z92.Шаблон:Sfn The Balts, East Slavs, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians and Romanians demonstrate a ratio Z280>M458 and a high, up to a prevailing share of Z92.Шаблон:Sfn Balts and East Slavs have the same subclades and similar frequencies in a more detailed phylogeny of the subclades.[37][38] The Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky speculated that there is a predominance of the assimilated pre-Slavic substrate in the genetics of East and West Slavic populations, according to him the common genetic structure which contrasts East Slavs and Balts from other populations may suggest the explanation that the pre-Slavic substrate of the East and West Slavs consisted most significantly of Baltic-speakers, which at one point predated the Slavs in the cultures of the Eurasian steppe according to archaeological and toponymic references.Шаблон:Refn

Asia

Central Asia

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a1a in 64% of a sample of the Tajiks of Tajikistan and 63% of a sample of the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a1a-M17 in 26.0% (53/204) of a set of samples from Afghanistan, including 60% (3/5) of a sample of Nuristanis, 51.0% (25/49) of a sample of Pashtuns, 30.4% (17/56) of a sample of Tajiks, 17.6% (3/17) of a sample of Uzbeks, 6.7% (4/60) of a sample of Hazaras, and in the only sampled Turkmen individual.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a1a-M198/M17 in 56.3% (49/87) of a pair of samples of Pashtuns from Afghanistan (including 20/34 or 58.8% of a sample of Pashtuns from Baghlan and 29/53 or 54.7% of a sample of Pashtuns from Kunduz), 29.1% (37/127) of a pool of samples of Uzbeks from Afghanistan (including 28/94 or 29.8% of a sample of Uzbeks from Jawzjan, 8/28 or 28.6% of a sample of Uzbeks from Sar-e Pol, and 1/5 or 20% of a sample of Uzbeks from Balkh), 27.5% (39/142) of a pool of samples of Tajiks from Afghanistan (including 22/54 or 40.7% of a sample of Tajiks from Balkh, 9/35 or 25.7% of a sample of Tajiks from Takhar, 4/16 or 25.0% of a sample of Tajiks from Samangan, and 4/37 or 10.8% of a sample of Tajiks from Badakhshan), 16.2% (12/74) of a sample of Turkmens from Jawzjan, and 9.1% (7/77) of a pair of samples of Hazara from Afghanistan (including 7/69 or 10.1% of a sample of Hazara from Bamiyan and 0/8 or 0% of a sample of Hazara from Balkh).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a1-SRY10831.2 in 30.0% (12/40) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a-M198 in 6.03% (78/1294) of a set of samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan. R1a-M198 was observed with greater than average frequency in the study's samples of the following Kazakh tribes: 13/41 = 31.7% of a sample of Suan, 8/29 = 27.6% of a sample of Oshaqty, 6/30 = 20.0% of a sample of Qozha, 4/29 = 13.8% of a sample of Qypshaq, 1/8 = 12.5% of a sample of Tore, 9/86 = 10.5% of a sample of Jetyru, 4/50 = 8.0% of a sample of Argyn, 1/13 = 7.7% of a sample of Shanyshqyly, 8/122 = 6.6% of a sample of Alimuly, 3/46 = 6.5% of a sample of Alban. R1a-M198 also was observed in 5/42 = 11.9% of a sample of Kazakhs of unreported tribal affiliation.Шаблон:Sfn

South Asia

In South Asia, R1a1a has often been observed in a number of demographic groups.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In India, high frequencies of this haplogroup is observed in West Bengal Brahmins (72%)Шаблон:Sfn to the east, Gujarat Lohanas (60%) Шаблон:Sfn to the west, Punjab/Haryana Khatris (67%)Шаблон:Sfn in the north and Karnataka Medars (39%)Шаблон:Sfn in the south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking Adivasis including the Chenchu (26%) and the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh, Kota (22.58%)Шаблон:Sfn and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that R1a1a is widespread in Tribal Southern Indians.Шаблон:Sfn

Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%)Шаблон:Sfn to the extreme North East and among Punjabis (47%)Шаблон:Sfn to the extreme North West.

In Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna tribe in Sindh province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north.Шаблон:Sfn Among the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka, 23% were found to be R1a1a (R-SRY1532) positive.[39] Hindus of Chitwan District in the Terai region Nepal show it at 69%.Шаблон:Sfn

East Asia

The frequency of R1a1a is comparatively low among some Turkic-speaking groups like Yakuts, yet levels are higher (19 to 28%) in certain Turkic or Mongolic-speaking groups of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghurs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A Chinese paper published in 2018 found R1a-Z94 in 38.5% (15/39) of a sample of Keriyalik Uyghurs from Darya Boyi / Darya Boye Village, Yutian County, Xinjiang (于田县达里雅布依乡), R1a-Z93 in 28.9% (22/76) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol township, Awat County, Xinjiang (阿瓦提县乌鲁却勒镇), and R1a-Z93 in 6.3% (4/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Karquga / Qarchugha Village, Yuli County, Xinjiang (尉犁县喀尔曲尕乡). R1a(xZ93) was observed only in one of 76 Dolan Uyghurs.Шаблон:Sfn Note that Darya Boyi Village is located in a remote oasis formed by the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert. A 2011 Y-DNA study found Y-dna R1a1 in 10% of a sample of southern Hui people from Yunnan, 1.6% of a sample of Tibetan people from Xizang (Tibet Autonomous Region), 1.6% of a sample of Xibe people from Xinjiang, 3.2% of a sample of northern Hui from Ningxia, 9.4% of a sample of Hazak (Kazakhs) from Xinjiang, and rates of 24.0%, 22.2%, 35.2%, 29.2% in 4 different samples of Uyghurs from Xinjiang, 9.1% in a sample of Mongols from Inner Mongolia. A different subclade of R1 was also found in 1.5% of a sample of northern Hui from Ningxia.Шаблон:Sfn in the same study there were no cases of R1a detected at all in 6 samples of Han Chinese in Yunnan, 1 sample of Han in Guangxi, 5 samples of Han in Guizhou, 2 samples of Han in Guangdong, 2 samples of Han in Fujian, 2 samples of Han in Zhejiang, 1 sample of Han in Shanghai, 1 samples of Han in Jiangxi, 2 samples of Han in Hunan, 1 sample of Han in Hubei, 2 samples of Han in Sichuan, 1 sample of Han in Chongqing, 3 samples of Han in Shandong, 5 samples of Han in Gansu, 3 samples of Han in Jilin and 2 samples of Han in Heilongjiang.[40] 40% of Salars, 45.2% of Tajiks of Xinjiang, 54.3% of Dongxiang, 60.6% of Tatars and 68.9% of Kyrgyz in Xinjiang in northwestern China tested in one sample had R1a1-M17. Bao'an (Bonan) had the most haplogroup diversity of 0.8946±0.0305 while the other ethnic minorities in northwestern China had a high haplogroup diversity like Central Asians, of 0.7602±0.0546.[41]

In Eastern Siberia, R1a1a is found among certain indigenous ethnic groups including Kamchatkans and Chukotkans, and peaking in Itel'man at 22%.Шаблон:Sfn

West Asia

R1a1a has been found in various forms, in most parts of Western Asia, in widely varying concentrations, from almost no presence in areas such as Jordan, to much higher levels in parts of Kuwait and Iran. The Shimar (Shammar) Bedouin tribe in Kuwait show the highest frequency in the Middle East at 43%.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvnb, noted that in the western part of the country, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carried up to 35% R1a1a. Шаблон:Harvnb found R1a1a in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Tehran and Isfahan. Шаблон:Harvnb in a study of Iran, noted much higher frequencies in the south than the north.

A newer study has found 20.3% R-M17* among Kurdish samples which were taken in the Kurdistan Province in western Iran, 19% among Azerbaijanis in West Azerbaijan, 9.7% among Mazandaranis in North Iran in the province of Mazandaran, 9.4% among Gilaks in province of Gilan, 12.8% among Persian and 17.6% among Zoroastrians in Yazd, 18.2% among Persians in Isfahan, 20.3% among Persians in Khorasan, 16.7% Afro-Iranians, 18.4% Qeshmi "Gheshmi", 21.4% among Persian Bandari people in Hormozgan and 25% among the Baloch people in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found haplogroup R1a in 9.68% (18/186) of a set of samples from Iran, though with a large variance ranging from 0% (0/18) in a sample of Iranians from Tehran to 25% (5/20) in a sample of Iranians from Khorasan and 27% (3/11) in a sample of Iranians of unknown provenance. All Iranian R1a individuals carried the M198 and M17 mutations except one individual in a sample of Iranians from Gilan (n=27), who was reported to belong to R1a-SRY1532.2(xM198, M17).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Harvp found R1a1-SRY10831.2 in 20.8% (16/77) of a sample of Persians collected in the provinces of Khorasan and Kerman in eastern Iran, but they did not find any member of this haplogroup in a sample of 25 Kurds collected in the province of Kermanshah in western Iran.Шаблон:Sfn

Further to the north of these Western Asian regions on the other hand, R1a1a levels start to increase in the Caucasus, once again in an uneven way. Several populations studied have shown no sign of R1a1a, while highest levels so far discovered in the region appears to belong to speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language among whom about one quarter of men tested so far are in haplogroup R1a1a.Шаблон:Sfn

Historic naming of R1a

Шаблон:Further The historic naming system commonly used for R1a was inconsistent in different published sources, because it changed often; this requires some explanation.

In 2002, the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) proposed a new naming system for haplogroups Шаблон:Harv, which has now become standard. In this system, names with the format "R1" and "R1a" are "phylogenetic" names, aimed at marking positions in a family tree. Names of SNP mutations can also be used to name clades or haplogroups. For example, as M173 is currently the defining mutation of R1, R1 is also R-M173, a "mutational" clade name. When a new branching in a tree is discovered, some phylogenetic names will change, but by definition all mutational names will remain the same.

The widely occurring haplogroup defined by mutation M17 was known by various names, such as "Eu19", as used in Шаблон:Harv in the older naming systems. The 2002 YCC proposal assigned the name R1a to the haplogroup defined by mutation SRY1532.2. This included Eu19 (i.e. R-M17) as a subclade, so Eu19 was named R1a1. Note, SRY1532.2 is also known as SRY10831.2Шаблон:Citation needed The discovery of M420 in 2009 has caused a reassignment of these phylogenetic names.(Шаблон:Harvnb and Шаблон:Harvnb) R1a is now defined by the M420 mutation: in this updated tree, the subclade defined by SRY1532.2 has moved from R1a to R1a1, and Eu19 (R-M17) from R1a1 to R1a1a.

More recent updates recorded at the ISOGG reference webpage involve branches of R-M17, including one major branch, R-M417.

Contrasting family trees for R1a, showing the evolution of understanding of this clade
2002 scheme proposed in Шаблон:Harv 2009 scheme as per Шаблон:Harv ISOGG tree as per January 2011 Шаблон:Citation needed
Шаблон:Cladogram Шаблон:Cladogram Шаблон:Cladogram

See also

Шаблон:Clear right Шаблон:Columns-list

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

Шаблон:Columns-list

Y-DNA backbone tree

Шаблон:Y-DNA

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Collapse top Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Collapse bottom

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

DNA Tree
TMRCA
Various
Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal"Although considerable cultural impact on social hierarchy and language in South Asia is attributable to the arrival of nomadic Central Asian pastoralists, genetic data (mitochondrial and Y chromosomal) have yielded dramatically conflicting inferences on the genetic origins of tribes and castes of South Asia. We sought to resolve this conflict, using high-resolution data on 69 informative Y-chromosome binary markers and 10 microsatellite markers from a large set of geographically, socially, and linguistically representative ethnic groups of South Asia. We found that the influence of Central Asia on the pre-existing gene pool was minor. The ages of accumulated microsatellite variation in the majority of Indian haplogroups exceed 10,000–15,000 years, which attests to the antiquity of regional differentiation. Therefore, our data do not support models that invoke a pronounced recent genetic input from Central Asia to explain the observed genetic variation in South Asia. R1a1 and R2 haplogroups indicate demographic complexity that is inconsistent with a recent single history.ASSOCIATED MICROSATELLITE ANALYSES OF THE HIGH-FREQUENCY R1A1 HAPLOGROUP CHROMOSOMES INDICATE INDEPENDENT RECENT HISTORIES OF THE INDUS VALLEY AND THE PENINSULAR INDIAN REGION."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book "The mainstream perspective is of the R1a originating 'outside' India and being carried in to the country by a group of migrants ('the Aryans') who arrived after the Indus Valley Civilisation."
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book "Some years ago, local scientists supported the view that the existence of an R1a Y chromosome was not attributable to a foreign gene flow but instead that this lineage had emerged on the subcontinent and spread from there. But the phylogenetic reconstruction of this haplogroup did not support this view."
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "As for the Y-chromosome, it was already noted in Haak, Lazaridis et al. (2015) that the Yamnaya from Samara had Y-chromosomes which belonged to R-M269 but did not belong to the clade common in Western Europe (p. 46 of supplement). Also, not a single R1a in Yamnaya unlike Corded Ware (R1a-dominated)."
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Arame's English blog, Y DNA from ancient Near East
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 17,6 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок yfull-R1a не указан текст
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 19,14 19,15 19,16 19,17 19,18 19,19 19,20 19,21 19,22 19,23 19,24 19,25 19,26 Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,00 20,01 20,02 20,03 20,04 20,05 20,06 20,07 20,08 20,09 20,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  25. ↑ https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tyurki-kavkaza-sravnitelnyy-analiz-genofondov-po-dannym-o-y-hromosome "высокая частота R1a среди кубанских ногайцев (субветвь R1a1a1g-M458 забирает 18%"
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Summary in English of Шаблон:Harvp.
  31. ↑ Korniyenko, I. V.; Vodolazhsky D. I. Шаблон:Lang [The use of non-recombinant markers of the Y-chromosome in the study of ancient populations (on the example of the settlement of Tanais)]. Шаблон:Lang [Materials of the Don Anthropological Readings]. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, 2013.
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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