Английская Википедия:Haplogroup Y

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.Шаблон:Citation needed

Distribution

Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs,[1] approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.[2][3][4][5][6] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).

The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans[3] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.[7][8]

The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.[9]

Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.661 56 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=37
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.658 38 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=25
Ulchi (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages) 0.431 160 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=69
Hezhen (China) 0.400 10 HGDP ([1][2] Lippold 2014) Y1a=4
Indonesian (Nias) 0.400 440 Шаблон:Cn Y2=176
Ulch (Old and New Bulava) 0.379 87 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=33
Negidal 0.212 33 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=7
Korean (Jeju Island) 0.217 799 [10] Y=173
Ainu 0.196 51 [4] Y1=10
Korean (Jeju Island) 0.168 113 [11] Y=19
Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) 0.167 42 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=7
Filipino (Palawan) 0.150 20 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=3
Even (Berezovka) 0.133 15 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=2
Filipino 0.129 62 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=8
Evenk (Taimyr) 0.125 24 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=3
Koryak 0.097 155 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=15
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.089 45 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=4
Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) 0.087 46 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=4
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.071 70 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=5
Udegey (Gvasyugi, Khabarovsk Krai) 0.065 31 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=2
Filipino 0.063 64 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=4
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) 0.058 52 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=3
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Orok (Sakhalin) 0.049 61 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=3
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.048 105 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=5
Filipino (Luzon) 0.045 177 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=8
Itelmen 0.043 47 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Daur (Hulunbuir) 0.038 209 [12] Y1a=6, Y2=2
Korean (Seoul) 0.037 134 [11] Y=5
Mongolian (Dornod Province) 0.035 370 [13] Y1=13
Batak (Palawan) 0.032 31 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.032 31 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.030 33 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.030 99 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=3
Han Chinese (Heilongjiang) 0.030 437 [14] Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b(xY1b1)=5, Y2=3
Korean 0.029 346 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=10
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.027 73 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.027 111 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=3
Even (Kamchatka) 0.026 39 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=1
Mongolian (Khovd Province) 0.025 429 [13] Y1=11
Han Chinese (Jilin) 0.024 381 [14] Y1a=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=3, Y2=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.023 850 [15] Y1=10, Y1a=2, Y1b1(xY1b1a)=4, Y2b=4
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.023 44 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Yakut (Central) 0.023 88 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=2
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.022 45 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Han Chinese (Anhui) 0.022 737 [14] Y1=1, Y1a=3, Y1a1=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=4, Y2=3
Han (Xinjiang) 0.021 47 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) 0.021 47 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Mongolian (Mongolia) 0.019 2420 [13] Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.019 593 [16] Y=2, Y1=9
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.018 110 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) 0.018 55 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.018 336 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=6
Korean (Ulsan) 0.017 1094 [17] Y=19
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.017 58 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi) 0.017 237 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=4
Han Chinese (Shandong) 0.016 1844 [14] Y=1, Y1=4, Y1a=3, Y1a1=2, Y1b=6, Y1b1=8, Y2=6
Han Chinese (Jiangsu) 0.015 2471 [14] Y=4, Y1=1, Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b=4, Y1b1=17, Y1b1a=1, Y2=5
Mongolian (Khentii Province) 0.015 132 [13] Y1=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.015 203 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=3
Taiwan aborigines 0.014 640 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=9
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.014 295 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=4
Taiwanese 0.013 152 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Indonesian (Adonara) 0.013 77 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=1
Han Chinese (Beijing) 0.013 898 [14] Y=1, Y1=3, Y1a=2, Y1b1=2, Y2=4
Han Chinese (Hebei) 0.013 1099 [14] Y1=2, Y1a=1, Y1a1=2, Y1b=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=6
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) 0.012 246 [13] Y1=2, Y2=1
Indonesian (Bali) 0.012 82 Шаблон:Harvnb Y2=1
Han Chinese (Liaoning) 0.012 646 [14] Y=2, Y1=1, Y1a1=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=2
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.012 164 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1a=2
Chinese 0.011 263 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.011 91 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.011 185 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1, Y2=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) 0.010 98 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.010 100 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.010 103 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.010 103 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Buryat 0.008 126 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan) 0.008 126 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.008 256 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.007 149 Шаблон:Harvnb Y1=1
Okinawa 0.006 326 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=2
Japanese 0.005 211 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.005 217 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast) 0.005 221 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Japanese (Japan) 0.005 1928 [18] Y1=2, Y1a=2, Y1b1a=2, Y2=4
Japanese (Japan) 0.004 672 [19] Y1b1a=1, Y2b=1, Y2d=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.004 261 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Han (southern California) 0.003 390 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.001 1117 Шаблон:Harvnb Y=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 11 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.000 15 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 16 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 16 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.000 18 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 19 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.000 20 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.000 22 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.000 24 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nganasan 0.000 24 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kubachi (Dagestan) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kumyk (Dagestan) 0.000 26 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 26 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 27 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) 0.000 28 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.000 29 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Cun (Hainan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.000 30 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.000 31 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 32 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nogai (Dagestan) 0.000 33 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.000 35 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.000 35 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Aleut (Commander Islands) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Sireniki Eskimo 0.000 37 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Ket 0.000 38 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Naukan) 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Nganasan 0.000 39 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Han (Beijing) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Manchurian 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Thai 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.000 40 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.000 41 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.000 42 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Vietnamese 0.000 42 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Indonesian (Ambon) 0.000 43 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) 0.000 44 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.000 45 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Indonesian (Alor) 0.000 45 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.000 45 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tofalar 0.000 46 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.000 47 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) 0.000 47 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.000 47 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.000 47 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Hindu (New Delhi) 0.000 48 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.000 48 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kyrgyz (Talas) 0.000 48 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.000 48 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.000 49 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 50 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Chaplin) 0.000 50 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) 0.000 50 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Korean (northern China) 0.000 51 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.000 52 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.000 53 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.000 53 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia) 0.000 55 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Uyghur (Kazakhstan) 0.000 55 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.000 56 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.000 57 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic) 0.000 62 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mansi 0.000 63 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.000 64 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Chukchi 0.000 66 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.000 68 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Finland) 0.000 69 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan) 0.000 71 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.000 71 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic) 0.000 72 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) 0.000 74 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Siberian Eskimo 0.000 79 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.000 82 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.000 82 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.000 82 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Altai Kizhi 0.000 90 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tuvan 0.000 95 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Canada) 0.000 96 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mansi 0.000 98 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Sweden) 0.000 98 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan) 0.000 101 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.000 102 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia) 0.000 102 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tuvinian 0.000 105 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Khanty 0.000 106 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yakut 0.000 117 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia) 0.000 125 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 133 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El) 0.000 136 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) 0.000 137 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.000 148 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) 0.000 154 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.000 160 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.000 163 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.000 168 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan) 0.000 228 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Saami (Norway) 0.000 278 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.000 282 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Tibetan (Tibet) 0.000 289 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Li (Hainan) 0.000 346 Шаблон:Harvnb -
Eskimo (Greenland) 0.000 385 Шаблон:Harvnb -

Subclades

Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.[20]

Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y1* has been observed in two Uyghurs, a Minnan Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a Khamnigan. Y1a* has been observed in a Nivkh, in a Buryat in Zabaikal, in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, in Korea and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five Uyghurs, a Kyrgyz, a Buryat in Buryat Republic, a Hezhen in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in Taimyr, and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.[1] (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,[21] so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.[1]

Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra. However, Y2b has been observed in Japan and in a Buryat, and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[22] and subsequent published research.Шаблон:Citation needed

  • Y
    • Y1 - South Siberia, China[23], Korea[24]
      • Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen
        • Y1a1 - China (Beijing, Liaoning)
      • Y1b - Korea, China (North China, Northeast China)
        • Y1b1 - Korea, China
          • Y1b1a - Korea
    • Y2
      • Y2a - Philippines, Indonesia
      • Y2b - Korea, Japan

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:MtDNA

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)
  6. ↑ Inoue et al. 2016
  7. ↑ Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia by Derenko1 et al., Annals of Human Genetics Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) Шаблон:Doi
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 14,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
  21. ↑ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок vanOven не указан текст
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Haplogroup_Y&oldid=15134983