Английская Википедия:Hard and soft G

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Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:IPA notice

A slide with a black background. The text written in white and all caps is: "It's pronounced 'JIF' not 'GIF'".
Steve Wilhite's slide at the 2013 Webby Awards regarding the pronunciation of GIF.

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft Шаблон:Angle bracket. The sound of a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket (which often precedes the non-front vowels Шаблон:Angle bracket or a consonant) is usually the voiced velar plosive Шаблон:IPA (as in gain or go) while the sound of a soft Шаблон:Angle bracket (typically before Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, or Шаблон:Grapheme) may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is the affricate Шаблон:IPAslink, as in general, giant, and gym. A Шаблон:Angle bracket at the end of a word usually renders a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket (as in "rag"), while if a soft rendition is intended it would be followed by a [[Silent e|silent Шаблон:Angle bracket]] (as in "rage").

History

This alternation has its origins in a historical palatalization of Шаблон:IPA which took place in Late Latin, and led to a change in the pronunciation of the sound Шаблон:IPA before the front vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[1] Later, other languages not descended from Latin, such as English, inherited this feature as an orthographic convention. The Scandinavian languages, however, have undergone their shift independently.

English

Шаблон:See also In English orthography, the pronunciation of hard Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA and that of soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA; the French soft Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:IPA, survives in a number of French loanwords (e.g. regime, genre), [ʒ] also sometimes occurs as an allophone of [dʒ] in some accents in certain words.

In words of Greco-Latinate origin, the soft Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciation occurs before Шаблон:Angle bracket while the hard Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciation occurs elsewhere.[2] In some words of Germanic origin (e.g. get, give), loan words from other languages (e.g. geisha, pierogi), and irregular Greco-Latinate words (e.g. gynecology), the hard pronunciation may occur before Шаблон:Angle bracket as well. The orthography of soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is fairly consistent: a soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is almost always followed by Шаблон:Angle bracket. The notable exceptions are gaol (now more commonly spelled jail) and margarine (a French borrowing whose original hard Шаблон:Angle bracket softened for unknown reasons, even though the name Margaret has a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket). The soft pronunciation of algae, the only one heard in North America, is sometimes cited as an exception, but it is actually conformant, Шаблон:Angle bracket being an alternate digraph spelling for a vowel in the Шаблон:Angle bracket family.[2] Though this pronunciation is listed first in some British dictionaries, hard pronunciation due to misinterpretation of orthographic Шаблон:Angle bracket is widespread in British English and is listed second or alone in some British dictionaries. In some words, a soft Шаблон:Angle bracket has lost its trailing Шаблон:Angle bracket due to suffixing, but the combination Шаблон:Angle bracket would imply the soft pronunciation anyway (e.g. fledgling, judgment, pledgor).

Digraphs and trigraphs, such as Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, and Шаблон:Angle bracket, have their own pronunciation rules.

While Шаблон:Angle bracket, which also has hard and soft pronunciations, exists alongside Шаблон:Angle bracket (which always indicates a hard pronunciation), Шаблон:Angle bracket has no analogous letter or letter combination which consistently indicates a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket sound, even though English uses Шаблон:Angle bracket consistently for the soft Шаблон:Angle bracket sound (the rationale for the spelling change of "gaol" to "jail"). This leads to special issues regarding the coherence of orthography when suffixes are added to words that end in a hard-Шаблон:Angle bracket sound. This additionally leads to many words spelled with g Шаблон:Angle bracket and pronounced with a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket, including what may be the most common g Шаблон:Angle bracket word "get". It has also resulted in the file format GIF having two possible pronunciations, with both hard Шаблон:Angle bracket and soft Шаблон:Angle bracket in common use.

Suffixation

When suffixes are added to words ending with a hard or soft Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:Not a typo, the sound is normally maintained. Sometimes the normal rules of spelling changes before suffixes can help signal whether the hard or soft sound is intended. For example, as an accidental byproduct of the rule that doubles consonants in this situation after a short vowel, a double Шаблон:Angle bracket will normally indicate the hard pronunciation (e.g. bagged is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, not as Шаблон:IPA).

There are occasional exceptions where alternations between the hard and soft sound occur before different suffixes. Examples are analogous (hard) vs. analogy (soft); similarly, prodigal with prodigy. These are generally cases where the entire word, including the suffix, has been imported from Latin, and the general Romance-language pattern of soft Шаблон:Angle bracket before front vowels, but hard Шаблон:Angle bracket otherwise, is preserved.

Sometimes a silent letter is added to help indicate pronunciation. For example, a silent Шаблон:Angle bracket usually indicates the soft pronunciation, as in change; this may be maintained before a suffix to indicate this pronunciation (as in changeable), despite the rule that usually drops this letter. A silent Шаблон:Angle bracket can also indicate a soft pronunciation, particularly with the suffixes -gion and -gious (as in region, contagious). A silent Шаблон:Grapheme can indicate a hard pronunciation in words borrowed from French (as in analogue, league, guide) or words influenced by French spelling conventions (guess, guest); a silent Шаблон:Grapheme serves a similar purpose in Italian-derived words (ghetto, spaghetti).

A [[silent E|silent Шаблон:Angle bracket]] can occur at the end of a word – or at the end of a component root word that is part of a larger word – after Шаблон:Angle bracket as well as word-internally. In this situation, the Шаблон:Angle bracket usually serves a marking function that helps to indicate that the Шаблон:Angle bracket immediately before it is soft. Examples include image, management, and pigeon. Such a silent Шаблон:Angle bracket also indicates that the vowel before Шаблон:Angle bracket is a historic long vowel, as in rage, oblige, and range. When adding one of the above suffixes, this silent Шаблон:Angle bracket is often dropped and the soft pronunciation remains. While Шаблон:Angle bracket commonly indicates a soft pronunciation, the silent Шаблон:Angle bracket may be dropped before another consonant while retaining the soft pronunciation in a number of words such judgment and abridgment. Also, the word veg, a clipped form of vegetate, retains the soft pronunciation despite being spelled without a silent Шаблон:Angle bracket (i.e., pronounced as if spelled vedge). Similarly, soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is sometimes replaced by Шаблон:Angle bracket in some names of commercial entities, such as with "Enerjy Software", or "Majic 105.7" in Cleveland, Ohio and some names commonly spelled with Шаблон:Angle bracket are given unusual soft Шаблон:Angle bracket spellings such as Genna and Gennifer.

Letter combinations

English has many words of Romance origin, especially from French and Italian. The ones from Italian often retain the conventions of Italian orthography whereby Шаблон:Angle bracket represents hard Шаблон:Angle bracket before e and i and gi and ge represent soft Шаблон:Angle bracket (often even without any semivowel/vowel sound, thus representing /dʒ/ just as j usually does in English orthography). The ones from French and Spanish often retain the conventions of French orthography and Spanish orthography whereby Шаблон:Angle bracket represents hard Шаблон:Angle bracket before e and i and gi and ge represent soft Шаблон:Angle bracket (often realized as /ʒ/ in French and as /h/ or /χ/ in Spanish). A consequence of these orthographic tendencies is that g before o or a is almost never soft Шаблон:Angle bracket in English—one way in which English orthography, which is generally not especially phonemic or regular, displays strong regularity in at least one aspect. A few exceptions include turgor and digoxin, for which the most common pronunciations use soft Шаблон:Angle bracket despite the lack of "softness signal" gi or ge. But both of those words also have hard Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciations that are accepted variants, which reflects the spelling pronunciation pressure generated by the strong regularity of the digraph conventions.

A number of two-letter combinations (digraphs) follow their own pronunciation patterns and, as such, may not follow the hard/soft distinction of Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example, Шаблон:Angle bracket often represents Шаблон:IPAslink (as in ring) or Шаблон:IPA as in finger. The letters Шаблон:Angle bracket, when final, represent Шаблон:IPA, as in orange; when not final their pronunciation varies according to the word's etymology (e.g. Шаблон:IPA in danger, Шаблон:IPA in anger, Шаблон:IPA in banger). In most cases, Шаблон:Angle bracket represents Шаблон:IPAslink as in dagger, but it may also represent Шаблон:IPA as in suggest and exaggerate. (The same pair of facts can also be said of how Шаблон:Angle bracket relates to hard and soft C, as, for example, in succinct and flaccid.) Other letter combinations that don't follow the paradigm include Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, and Шаблон:Angle bracket.

The digraph Шаблон:Angle bracket is sometimes used to indicate a hard Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciation before Шаблон:Angle bracket (e.g. guess, guitar, Guinness), including cases where Шаблон:Angle bracket is silent (e.g., rogue, intrigue, catalogue, analogue). In some cases, the intervening Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced as /w/ (distinguish, unguent).

Other languages

Latin script

All modern Romance languages make the hard/soft distinction with Шаблон:Angle bracket,[1] except a few that have undergone spelling reforms such as Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) or Haitian Creole and archaic variants like Sardinian. The hard Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA in almost all those languages (with the exception of Galician, which may instead be a voiceless pharyngeal fricative), though the soft Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciation, which occurs before Шаблон:Angle bracket, differs amongst them as follows:

Different languages use different strategies to indicate a hard pronunciation before front vowels:

A soft pronunciation before non-front vowels is usually indicated by a silent Шаблон:Angle bracket or Шаблон:Angle bracket (e.g. Italian giorno, French mangeons), though Spanish, Portuguese, French and Catalan use Шаблон:Angle bracket as in jueves.[1][6][10]

Several North Germanic languages also make a hard/soft distinction. Again, the hard Шаблон:Angle bracket is Шаблон:IPA in most of these languages, but the soft Шаблон:Angle bracket differs as follows:

Icelandic orthography is a bit more complicated by having lenited pronunciations of Шаблон:Angle bracket. Шаблон:Cn

In German, the g is mostly a hard g, also before e and i: geben (to give), Geld (money), Gier (greed), Gift (poison, venom). Soft g occurs in loanwords, usually preserving the original pronunciation. So in words of French origin like Orange (orange), logieren (to lodge) or Etage (floor), the g is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA; words taken from English like Gin or Gender use the Шаблон:IPA-sound. However others, such as agieren (act, agitate), Generation (generation) or Gymnasium (academic high school), are pronounced with a hard g. Some pronunciations vary by region: The word Giraffe is pronounced with a soft G in Austria, but with a hard G in Germany. The g in Magnet is pronounced as a hard g, but the gn in Champagner is pronounced like the French gn in champagne. The letter combination ng is usually merged to a velar nasal, and the g is not spoken in its own right; e.g., in the German word Finger, it is not audible as in the English word finger. However, when those letters are pronounced separately, as in compound words like Eingabe (input) or also in verbs like fingieren (to feign), both the n and the hard g is clearly audible. There are exceptions in loanwords like French-derived rangieren (to rank, to shunt), spoken with a velar nasal and a soft g (Шаблон:IPA).

Other languages typically have hard Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciations except possibly in loanwords where it may represent Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.

The orthography of Luganda is similar to Italian in having a soft Шаблон:Angle bracket pronunciation before front vowels (namely Шаблон:Angle bracket) and Шаблон:Angle bracket indicates this soft pronunciation.

Because Esperanto orthography is phonemic, Шаблон:Angle bracket always represents a hard g; a soft g is represented by the accented letter [[Ĝ|Шаблон:Angle bracket]].

The Vietnamese alphabet does not have a hard or a soft Шаблон:Angle bracket per se. However, since it was inherited from European Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian) except the diacritics which were from Greek; the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket never occurs in "soft positions", i.e. before Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket where the digraph Шаблон:Angle bracket (colloquially known as gờ ghép "composed Шаблон:Angle bracket") is used instead. Likewise, the trigraph Шаблон:Angle bracket (ngờ ghép "composed Шаблон:Angle bracket") also replaces the digraph Шаблон:Angle bracket in those positions. "gh" can be explained as following Italian convention, and "ngh" as a form of analogy. However, there still is Шаблон:Angle bracket which is considered a digraph on its own, shortened to Шаблон:Angle bracket before Шаблон:Angle bracket, even in the word gì.

Other scripts

In Modern Greek, which uses the Greek alphabet, the Greek letter gamma (uppercase: Шаблон:Angle bracket; lowercase: Шаблон:Angle bracket) – which is ancestral to the Roman letters Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket – has "soft-type" and "hard-type" pronunciations, though Greek speakers do not use such a terminology. The "soft" pronunciation (that is, the voiced palatal fricative Шаблон:IPA) occurs before Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket (both which represent Шаблон:IPA), and before Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, Шаблон:Angle bracket, and Шаблон:Angle bracket (which all represent Шаблон:IPA). In other instances, the "hard" pronunciation (that is, the voiced velar fricative Шаблон:IPA) occurs.

In the Russian alphabet (a variant of Cyrillic), Шаблон:Angle bracket represents both hard (твёрдый Шаблон:IPA) and soft (мягкий Шаблон:IPA) pronunciations, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively. The soft pronunciation of Шаблон:Angle bracket occurs before any of the "softening" vowels Шаблон:Angle bracket and the hard pronunciation occurs elsewhere. However, the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket functions as a "soft g" in the Romance sense, with alterations between Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket common in the language (e.g. ложиться, "to lie (down)", past tense лёг; подруга, "girlfriend", diminutive подружка). In other Slavic languages, there are similar phenomena involving Шаблон:Angle bracket (or Шаблон:Angle bracket) and Шаблон:Angle bracket (or Шаблон:Angle bracket).

In Modern Hebrew, which uses the Hebrew alphabet, the letter gimel (Шаблон:Angle bracket) typically has the Шаблон:IPA sound within Hebrew words, although in some Sephardic dialects, it represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA when written with a dagesh (i.e., a dot placed inside the letter: Шаблон:Angle bracket), and Шаблон:IPA when without a dagesh. An apostrophe-like symbol called a Geresh can be added immediately to the left of a gimel (i.e., Шаблон:Angle bracket) to indicate that the gimel represents an affricate Шаблон:IPA).

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ Most Recent Changes to the Portuguese Language Brazil-Help.com, access date: 28 July 2016
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Hard_and_soft_G&oldid=15138752