Английская Википедия:Hard and soft G in Dutch
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice Шаблон:Dutch grammar Hard and soft G in Dutch (Шаблон:Lang-nl) refers to a phonetic phenomenon of the pronunciation of the letters Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket and also a major isogloss within that language.
In southern dialects of Dutch (that is, those spoken roughly below the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal),Шаблон:Sfnp the distinction between the phonemes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is usual, with both realized as cardinal velars Шаблон:IPA or post-palatal Шаблон:IPA, hereafter represented without the diacritics. The allophony between those two types of fricatives is termed soft G in Dutch dialectology.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It is almost the same as the distinction between the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang in German, with an additional contrast of voicing.
In northern dialects of Dutch, the distinction (if present at all) is not consistent and is best described as a fortis–lenis contrast, rather than a contrast of voicing. In those varieties, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are no more front than cardinal velars, with Шаблон:IPA usually being uvular: Шаблон:IPAblink. Шаблон:IPA, if distinct from Шаблон:IPA, is typically a voiceless velar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink. This is termed hard G in Dutch dialectology.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It is also used in Afrikaans, so that the Afrikaans word Шаблон:Lang 'good' has the same pronunciation as in Northern Dutch (Шаблон:IPA), in addition to having the same meaning in both languages.[1]
Speakers normally use those pronunciations in both standard language and the local dialect. The only exception to that are speakers from the southern Netherlands that have undergone accent reduction training, in which case they will use a trill fricative when speaking standard Dutch. It is very rare for speakers to use the hard G when speaking Brabantian or Limburgish.
Pronunciation
Southern
In Southern Dutch, the phonemes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are either cardinal velars Шаблон:IPA or post-palatal Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp More specifically, post-palatals occur in contact with phonemic front vowels and Шаблон:IPA, whereas the cardinal velars occur in contact with phonemic back vowels (including Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The phonemes usually contrast by voicing, but Шаблон:IPA can be devoiced to a lenis Шаблон:IPA that differs from Шаблон:IPA in a less energetic articulation. Verhoeven and Hageman[2] have found that 70% of word-initial and 56% of intervocalic lenis fricatives (which includes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA) are realized as fully voiceless in Belgium. In Maastrichtian Limburgish, initial Шаблон:IPA is often partially devoiced as well.Шаблон:Sfnp
In Ripuarian (spoken in the southeastern part of Limburg), Шаблон:IPAblink has been so fronted and weakened as to merge with the palatal approximant Шаблон:IPAblink; compare Standard Dutch Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA in the Kerkrade dialect, with both words meaning 'good'. Those dialects are also an exception to the rule, as they switch over to the respective standard pronunciation when speaking Standard Dutch (in which case Шаблон:IPAblink is used) or, on the other side of the border (e.g. in Herzogenrath, where the Kerkrade dialect is also spoken), Standard German (in which case Шаблон:IPAblink is used). The pronunciation with Шаблон:IPAblink is marked on both sides of the border. On the Dutch side of the border, the standard pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA is only approximated after phonological back vowels Шаблон:IPA, being uvular Шаблон:IPAblink as in Ripuarian. On the German side, the standard German pronunciation Шаблон:IPAblink is usual.
In many cases, Шаблон:IPAblink still patterns as an obstruent, an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in Ripuarian. The plural form Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix 'saws' has an underlying Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix because it alternates with a voiceless fricative in the root Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix 'saw', phonemically Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Fix Compare this with the alternation in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix 'question' - Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix 'questions' (phonemically Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Fix Шаблон:IPA)Шаблон:Fix or with the plural-singular pair Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA - Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Fix which has underlying voiceless fricatives: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Fix The Шаблон:IPA phoneme is a sonorant and thus cannot participate in alternations like the first two. Furthermore, Ripuarian features a different pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA after back vowels, as uvular Шаблон:IPA, not dissimilar from the Northern Dutch pronunciation in the first case. The realization of Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPAblink results in a phonetic merger with Шаблон:IPA and is thus an example of rhotacism. The consonants surrounding the diphthong in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix are indistinguishable from each other: Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:Fix This is a typical feature of Ripuarian. This merger is also not phonemic as Шаблон:IPA too is a sonorant and thus cannot participate in alternations such as Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix - Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Fix mentioned above.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Northern
In Northern Dutch, Шаблон:IPA appears immediately before voiced consonants and sometimes also between vowels, but not in the word-initial position. In the latter case, the sound is not voiced and differs from Шаблон:IPA in length (Шаблон:IPA is longer) and in that it is produced a little bit further front (mediovelar, rather than postvelar) and lacks any trilling, so that Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'flags' has a somewhat lengthened, plain voiceless velar Шаблон:IPAblink (hereafter represented with Шаблон:Angbr IPA): Шаблон:IPA, whereas Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'to laugh' features a shorter, post-velar fricative with a simultaneous voiceless uvular trill, transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA or Шаблон:Angbr IPA in narrow IPA but normally written with Шаблон:Angbr IPA or Шаблон:Angbr IPA. In this article, Шаблон:Angbr IPA is used (Шаблон:IPA), even though the fricative portion is usually more front than cardinal uvulars.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp In Northern Dutch, the contrast between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is unstable, and Шаблон:Lang is more likely to feature Шаблон:IPAblink: Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Apart from Ripuarian, the voiceless trill fricative Шаблон:IPAblink appears in very different contexts in Southern Dutch, being an allophone of Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Further examples
The phrase Шаблон:Lang 'soft G' is pronounced Шаблон:IPA in Southern Dutch, whereas the Northern pronunciation is Шаблон:IPA. The Ripuarian-influenced Standard Dutch pronunciation is Шаблон:IPA, that of Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:IPA (as if spelled Шаблон:Lang), whereas that of Шаблон:Lang is Шаблон:IPA.
Geographical distribution
The hard Шаблон:Angle bracket is used in most of the Netherlands, except the provinces of Limburg and most parts of North Brabant, and some dialects of Gelderland and Utrecht. It is also used in Afrikaans, a daughter language of Dutch. It is spoken in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The soft Шаблон:Angle bracket is used primarily in the southern part of the Dutch language area in Europe:
- The Netherlands
- Most parts of the provinces of Limburg and North Brabant, except for Bergen op Zoom and the area near Kerkrade and Vaals.
- Parts of the province of Gelderland namely the Bommelerwaard, Betuwe, the region south of Nijmegen, Land van Maas en Waal, the southern part of the Veluwe and the Achterhoek.
- The southeastern part of the province of Utrecht.
- Dutch-speaking Belgium except for most of West Flanders and western East Flanders.
Ripuarian dialects spoken in the extreme southeast part of Limburg in the Netherlands have a special allophony that does not match the soft G used in the rest of Limburg but the German dialects of Aachen and Cologne; see above.
Dialects of West Flanders and western East Flanders also do not align with any other dialect group in this aspect, as they feature h-dropping and use weak glottal fricatives Шаблон:IPA for standard Шаблон:IPA. This pronunciation is also used in Zeelandic dialects spoken in the Netherlands.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Germanic-lang-stub Шаблон:Phonology-stub
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme Шаблон:IPA (...), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative Шаблон:IPA rather than the velar."
- ↑ Cited in Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
