Английская Википедия:Harian Rakjat

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Шаблон:Lang (EYD: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lit. 'People's Daily') was an Indonesian newspaper published by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) from 1951 to 1965. The Шаблон:Lang motto was Шаблон:Lang ('For the people there is only one daily, Harian Rakjat!'). Harian Rakyat was managed by Njoto as a member of the editorial board and Mula Naibaho as editor in chief.

History

Early history

Шаблон:Lang was first published on 31 January 1951, and was originally named Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lit. 'People's Voice'). In its heyday, Шаблон:Lang was the most popular political newspaper ever published in Indonesia, with average circulation of 23,000 copies in the 1950s and 1960s. The newspaper was sold at a retail and subscription price of Rp 0.60 and Rp 14.5 a month, respectively.

Bans and closure

With its confrontational style, Шаблон:Lang always opposed other parties and the authorities. Because its message was considered to have violated the rules imposed by the government of the time, Шаблон:Lang was occasionally banned. The first ban occurs lasted for 23 hours, between 13 September 1957, at 21.00 and 14 September 1957, at 20:00. Other newspapers, such as Indonesia Raya, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Keng Po, and Шаблон:Lang, as well as three news agencies: Antara, PIA, and INPS were banned for the same time period.Шаблон:Sfn

The ban was repeated on 16 July 1959, for a month because the paper published the PKI Central Committee statement of 3 July, entitled "Evaluation after one year of the Working Cabinet does not guarantee the implementation of the 3 chapters program, so they should be retooled immediately". On 2 August 1959, a month after the ban, Шаблон:Lang returned to print.Шаблон:Sfn On 2 November 1959, the newspaper was banned again by the War Authority (Шаблон:Lang). This time, the reason was not so clear. This led to the Шаблон:Lang circulation expansion led by PKI officials D.N. Aidit, M.H. Lukman, and other PKI activists, who directly took to the streets.Шаблон:Sfn On 9 December 1959, Шаблон:Lang was banned again for a story about "Njoto's 23 November lecture in the SBKA building", which was published on 24 November 1959. The reason for banning was also not clear, giving rise to protests. Following pressure, Шаблон:Lang was finally permitted, and published again on 23 December 1959 .Шаблон:Sfn On 3 February 1961, the newspaper was banned again by in Greater Jakarta. The reason for the ban was the welcome address from PKI chairman D.N. Aidit on the 10th anniversary of Шаблон:Lang. In his address, Aidit raised the question of democracy and political freedom. According to the War Authority, this could disrupt political stability in Indonesia.Шаблон:Sfn

After the events of the 30 September Movement in 1965, all dailies published in Jakarta were banned, except the military-owned Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. On 3 October 1965, Шаблон:Lang finally ceased publication. It was not only disbanded: all the PKI members and activists who supported the newspaper were hunted down, arrested, imprisoned, and even killed. The final words from the editor to its readers were, "Many-many thanks, all the readers!"Шаблон:Sfn

Journalism style

The style of journalism carried by Шаблон:Lang was 'confrontation journalism' with the explosive language.Шаблон:Sfn It editorials were confrontational, leading to conflicts with other media.Шаблон:Sfn It always took a bold and offensive stance against its opponents. Its simple, agile, and forthright language style – in accordance with the teachings of Marxism and Leninism – was easily understood by the peasants and workers who were the basis of the PKI support.Шаблон:Sfn

Harian Rakyat was seen as the defender of the Sukarno's Political Manifesto (Manipol). While the right-wing or conservative newspapers were not too concerned about the manifesto, Шаблон:Lang became the manifesto's propaganda mouthpiece. It remained anti-imperialist, and considered the right-wing newspapers to have insulted Sukarno for not supporting the manifesto.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang took the stance that it would not publish any writing that was contrary to the ideas of the revolution.

References

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book