Английская Википедия:Harrat al-Sham
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox landform
The Ḥarrat al-Shām (Шаблон:Lang-ar),[1]Шаблон:Refn also known as the Black Desert,[2] is a region of rocky, basaltic desert straddling southern Syria and the northern Arabian Peninsula. It covers an area of some Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Citation needed in the modern-day Syrian Arab Republic, Jordan, Israel and Saudi Arabia. Vegetation is characteristically open acacia shrubland with patches of juniper at higher altitudes.[3]
The Harrat has been occupied by humans since at least the Late Epipalaeolithic period (Шаблон:Circa).[4] One of the earliest known sites is Shubayqa 1 (occupied Шаблон:Circa),[4][5] where archaeologists have discovered the remains of the oldest known bread.[6]
Geology
The Harrat comprises volcanic fields formed by tectonic activity from the Oligocene through to the Quaternary period.[7] It is the largest of several volcanic fields on the Arabian Plate,[8] containing more than 800 volcanic cones and around 140 dikes.[7] Activity began during the Miocene; a younger eruptive stage, at the SE end of the volcanic field, occurred during the late-Pleistocene and Holocene.[9] It is known to have erupted in historic times.[10][11]
The Jabal al-Druze, al-Safa and Dirat al-Tulul volcanic fields, among others, form the northern and Syrian part of the harrat. The Saudi Arabian portion of the Harrat Ash Shamah volcanic field extends across a Шаблон:Convert-long, roughly Шаблон:Convert-wide NW-SE-trending area on the NE flanks of the Sirhan Valley and reaches its Шаблон:Convert high point at Jabal Al-Amud. It is in the Tabuk Region of northwest Saudi Arabia.[12][13] and is one of a series of Quaternary volcanic fields paralleling the Red Sea coast.
Archaeological sites
Jordan
- Jawa, Early Bronze Age proto-urban settlement
- Qasr Azraq and Qasr 'Ain es-Sil, ancient fortified sites in the Azraq Oasis
- Qasr Burqu', ancient "desert castle"
- Qasr Usaykhim, ancient fort northeast of Azraq
- Shubayqa 1, Stone Age (Natufian) hunter-gatherer site with oldest bread-making find in the world
See also
- Badia region
- Hauran, historical region partially overlapping with Harrat al-Sham
- List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia
- Sarat Mountains
Notes
References
Further reading
- Ilani, S., Harlavan, Y., Tarawneh, K., Rabba, I., Weinberger, R., Khalil, I., and Peltz, S. (2001), "New K-Ar ages of basalts from the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field in Jordan: Implications for the span and duration of the upper-mantle upwelling beneath the western Arabian plate" Geology 29(2):171–174
- Kempe, S. and Al-Malabeh, A. (2005), "Newly discovered lava tunnels of the Al-Shaam plateau basalts", Geophysical Research Abstracts 7, European Geosciences Union
- Salf, S.I. (1988), "Field and petrographic characteristics of Cenozoic basaltic rocks, Northwestern Saudi Arabia" Journal of African Earth Sciences, 7(5):805–809
- Weinstein, Y., Navon, O., Altherr, R., and Stein, M., (2006) "The role of lithospheric mantle heterogeneity in the generation of Plio-Pleistocene alkali basalt suites from NW Harrat Ash Shaam (Israel)", Journal of Petrology 47(5):1017–1050
- Al Kwatli, M.A., Gillot, P.Y., Zeyen, H., Hildenbrand, A., and Al Gharib, I., 2012. Volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabian plate in the light of new K-Ar ages and remote sensing: Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (Syria). Tectonophysics, 580, 192–207.
External links
Шаблон:Mountains in the Arabian Peninsula
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ S.A. Ghazanfar, Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula (Springer Science & Business Media, 1998) p 272.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ H. Stewart Edgell, Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution (Springer Science & Business Media, 21Jul.,2006 ) p329-330
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Peter Vincent, Saudi Arabia: An Environmental Overview (CRC Press, 2008) p22.
- ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989) pA152
- ↑ Geological Survey Professional Paper, Volume 560, Part 1 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989)
