Английская Википедия:Harris's hawk

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Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), formerly known as the bay-winged hawk, dusky hawk, and sometimes a wolf hawk, and known in Latin America as peuco, is a medium-large bird of prey that breeds from the southwestern United States south to Chile, central Argentina, and Brazil. This bird is sometimes reported to be at large in Western Europe, especially Britain, but it is a popular species in falconry and these records almost invariably all refer to escapes from captivity.

The name is derived from the Greek para, meaning beside, near or like, and the Latin buteo, referring to a kind of buzzard; uni meaning once; and cinctus meaning girdled, referring to the white band at the tip of the tail.[1] John James Audubon gave this bird its English name in honor of his ornithological companion, financial supporter, and friend Edward Harris.[2]

Harris's hawk is notable for its behavior of hunting cooperatively in packs consisting of tolerant groups, while other raptors often hunt alone. Harris hawks' social nature has been attributed to their intelligence, which makes them easy to train and has made them a popular bird for use in falconry.[3]

Description

Файл:Harris' Hawk plumage.jpg
The distinctive plumage and tail feathers clearly confirm that this is a Harris's hawk

This medium-large hawk is roughly intermediate in size between a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Harris's hawks range in length from Шаблон:Convert and generally have a wingspan of about Шаблон:Convert.[4][5] These hawks have a brownish plumage, reddish shoulders, and tail feathers with a white base and white tip.[6]

They exhibit sexual dimorphism with the females being larger by about 35%. In the United States, the average weight for adult males is about Шаблон:Convert, with a range of Шаблон:Convert, while the adult female average is Шаблон:Convert, with a range of Шаблон:Convert.[7][8] They have dark brown plumage with chestnut shoulders, wing linings, and thighs,[9] white on the base and tip of the tail,[10] long, yellow legs, and a yellow cere.[11] The vocalizations of Harris's hawk are very harsh sounds.[4]

The lifespan of Harris's Hawk is 10–12 years in the wild and 20–25 years in captivity.[12]

Juvenile

Файл:Parabuteo unicinctus falconry.jpg
Juvenile in a falconry demonstration

The juvenile Harris's hawk is mostly streaked with buff and appears much lighter than the dark adults. When in flight, the undersides of the juveniles' wings are buff-colored with brown streaking. They can look unlike adults at first glance, but the identical chestnut plumage is an aid for identification.[11]Шаблон:Verify source

Файл:Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (recorte).jpg
Unicinctus subspecies (Bay-winged hawk), in Argentina.

There are three subspecies of Harris's hawk:

Subspecies

Image Subspecies Description Distribution
Файл:Harris's Hawk Arizona.jpg P. u. superior P. u. superior was believed to have longer tails and wings and to be more blackish than P. u. harrisi. However, the sample size of the original study was quite small, with only five males and six females. Later research has concluded that there is not as strong a physical difference as was originally assumed.[13] Other ecological differences, such as latitudinal cline were also brought up as arguments against the validity of the subspecies segmentation.[14] Baja California, Arizona, Sonora, and Sinaloa.
Файл:Harris' Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) (10684271643).jpg P. u. harrisi Texas, eastern Mexico, and much of Central America.[14]
Файл:Gavilán mixto en barrio Savoia, City Bell, La Plata, Argentina IMG 6649.jpg P. u. unicinctus It is smaller than the North American subspecies, tail and wings are proportionally longer, and the adult's dark brown ventrum is streaked or flecked with white or whitish. [15] South America.

Taxonomy

Robert Ridgway placed Harris' Hawk in its own new subgenus Urubitinga (Antenor) in 1873,[16] and introduced the generic name Parabuteo[17][18] in 1874. Richard Bowdler Sharpe also separated Harris' Hawk to a monotypic genus, Erythrocnema, in 1874. In his Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Sharpe gives an extensive synonymy, with various authors having earlier placed harrisii in three genera and unicinctus in eleven.[19]

Distribution and habitat

Harris's hawks live in sparse woodland and semi-desert, as well as marshes (with some trees) in some parts of their range (Howell and Webb 1995), including mangrove swamps, as in parts of their South American range.[20] Harris's hawks are permanent residents and do not migrate.[14] Important perches and nest supports are provided by scattered larger trees or other features (e.g., power poles, woodland edges, standing dead trees, live trees, boulders, and saguaros).[21]

The wild Harris's hawk population is declining due to habitat loss; however, under some circumstances, they have been known to move into developed areas.[22]

Behaviour

This species occurs in relatively stable groups. A dominance hierarchy occurs in Harris's hawks, wherein the mature female is the dominant bird, followed by the adult male and then the young of previous years. Groups typically include from two to seven birds. Not only do birds cooperate in hunting, but they also assist in the nesting process.[23] No other bird of prey is known to hunt in groups as routinely as this species.[24]

Breeding

Файл:Aa babyharrishawks 00.jpg
At one week of age

They nest in small trees, shrubby growth, or cacti. The nests are often compact, made of sticks, plant roots, and stems and are often lined with leaves, moss, bark, and plant roots. They are built mainly by the female. There are usually two to four white to blueish-white eggs sometimes with a speckling of pale brown or gray. The nestlings start light buff, but in five to six days turn a rich brown.[25]

Very often, there will be three hawks attending one nest: two males and one female.[26] Whether or not this is polyandry is debated, as it may be confused with backstanding (one bird standing on another's back).[27] The female does most of the incubation. The eggs hatch in 31 to 36 days. The young begin to explore outside the nest at 38 days, and fledge, or start to fly, at 45 to 50 days. The female sometimes breeds two or three times in a year.[25] Young may stay with their parents for up to three years, helping to raise later broods. Nests are known to be predated by coyotes (Canis latrans), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and flocks of common ravens (Corvus corax), predators possibly too formidable to be fully displaced by Harris's hawk's cooperative nest defenses. No accounts show predation on adults in the United States and Harris's hawk may be considered an apex predator, although presumably predators like eagles and great horned owls would be capable of killing them.[28] In Chile, black-chested buzzard-eagles (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) are likely predators.[29]

Feeding

Файл:Harriss Hawk being with chick leg (7913337978).jpg
Eating a chick's leg

The majority of Harris hawk's prey are mammals, including ground squirrels, rabbits, and larger black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus).[30] Birds from the size of small passerines such as diuca finch (Diuca diuca) to adult great egret (Ardea alba) and half-grown wild turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) can be taken.[31][32][33] In one instance, the lone Harris hawk successfully killed a subadult great blue heron (Ardea herodias).[34] Reptiles such as lizards and snakes are additionally taken as well as large insects.[30][31]

When hunting in groups, Harris's hawk can take large prey effectively, such as desert cottontail (Syvilagus auduboni), the leading prey species in the north of Harris's hawk's range, usually weighs Шаблон:Convert or less.[35][36] Even adult black-tailed jackrabbits weighing more than Шаблон:Convert can be successfully taken by a pack of harris hawks.[26][37]

Undoubtedly because it pursues large prey often, this hawk has larger and stronger feet, with long talons, and a larger, more prominent hooked beak than most other raptors around its size.[8] Locally, other buteonine hawks, including the ferruginous hawk, the red-tailed hawk, and the white-tailed hawk also hunt primarily cottontails and jackrabbits, but each is bigger, weighing about Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, respectively, more on average than a Harris's hawk.[38][39][40][41][42]

In the Southwestern United States, the most common prey species (in descending order of prevalence) are desert cottontail (Syvilagus auduboni), eastern cottontail (Syvilagus floridanus), black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), ground squirrels (Ammopsermophilus spp. and Spermophilus spp.), woodrats (Neotoma spp.), kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.), pocket gophers (Geomys and Thomomys spp.), Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii), scaled quail (C. squamata), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), desert spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister), and skinks (Eumeces spp.)[43][44] In the tropics, Harris's hawks have adapted to taking prey of several varieties, including those like chickens and European rabbits introduced by man.[45][46] In Chile, the common degu (Octodon degus) makes up 67.5% of the prey.[47]

Hunting

While most raptors are solitary, only coming together for breeding and migration, Harris's hawks will hunt in cooperative groups of two to six. This is believed to be an adaptation to the lack of prey in the desert climate in which they live. In one hunting technique, a small group flies ahead and scouts, then another group member flies ahead and scouts, and this continues until prey is bagged and shared. In another, all the hawks spread around the prey and one bird flushes it out.[48] Harris's hawks will often chase prey on foot, and are quite fast on the ground and their long, yellow legs are adapted for this, as most hawks do not spend as much time on the ground. Groups of Harris's hawks tend to be more successful at capturing prey than lone hawks, with groups of two to four individuals having ~10% higher success rates per extra individual.[49]

Relationship with humans

Falconry

Since about 1980, Harris's hawks have been increasingly used in falconry and are now the most popular hawks in the West (outside of Asia) for that purpose, as they are one of the easiest to train and the most social.[50]

Trained Harris's hawks have been used to remove an unwanted pigeon population from London's Trafalgar Square,Шаблон:Citation needed and from the tennis courts at Wimbledon.[51]

Trained Harris's hawks have been used for bird abatement by falconry experts in Canada and the United States at various locations including airports, resorts, landfill sites, and industrial sites.[52]

In art

John James Audubon illustrated Harris's hawk in The Birds of America (published in London, 1827–38) as Plate 392 with the title "Louisiana Hawk -Buteo harrisi". The image was engraved and colored by the Robert Havell, London workshops in 1837. The original watercolor by Audubon was purchased by the New York History Society where it remains to this day (January 2009).[53]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons Шаблон:Wikispecies

Historical material

  • John James Audubon. "Louisiana Hawk", Ornithological Biography volume 5 (1839). Illustration from Birds of America octavo edition, 1840.

Шаблон:Buteoninae

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Beebe, Frank (1984). A Falconry Manual. Hancock House Publishers, Шаблон:ISBN, page 81.
  4. ↑ Перейти обратно: 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Clark, W. S. and B. K. Wheeler (1987). A Field Guide to Hawks of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Перейти обратно: 8,0 8,1 Hamerstrom, F. (1978). "External sex characters of Harris' Hawks in winter". Raptor Res. 12:1–14.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Перейти обратно: 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
  14. ↑ Перейти обратно: 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Blake, Ferguson-Lees and Christie cited in Birds of the world "Parabuteo unicinctrus" https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/hrshaw/cur/systematics#subsp
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Antenor Ridgeway Nov. subgen. is on page 63.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book On page 248, the heading is "Genus Antenor Ridgway", but the subspecies heading is "Parabuteo unicinctus var. harisii (Ridgway)".
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Olmos Fábio & Robson Silva e Silva (2003). Guará-Ambiente, Flora e Fauna dos Manguezais de Santos-Cubatão Empresa das Artes, Шаблон:ISBN
  21. ↑ Bednarz, J. C. and J. D. Ligon. (1988). A study of the ecological bases of cooperative breeding in the Harris' hawk. Ecology 69:1176–1187.
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Dawson, J. W. and R. W. Mannan. (1991). The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris' hawks. Auk 108:661–672.
  24. ↑ Griffin, C. R. (1976). A preliminary comparison of Texas and Arizona Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) populations. Raptor Res. 10:50–54.
  25. ↑ Перейти обратно: 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Перейти обратно: 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Dawson, J. W. and R. W. Mannan. (1991). Dominance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' Hawks. Auk 108:649–660.
  29. ↑ Jiménez, J. E., & Jaksić, F. M. (1989). Behavioral ecology of grey eagle-buzzards, Geranoaetus melanoleucus, in central Chile. Condor 913–921.
  30. ↑ Перейти обратно: 30,0 30,1 Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Lynx Ed., 1992.
  31. ↑ Перейти обратно: 31,0 31,1 Ferguson-Lees, James, and David A. Christie. Raptors of the world. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001.
  32. ↑ Santander, Francisco J., et al. "PREY OF HARRIS'HAWKS (PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS) DURING AUTUMN AND WINTER IN A COASTAL AREA OF CENTRAL CHILE." The Southwestern Naturalist (2011): 417-422.
  33. ↑ Houcke, H.H. (1971). Predation By a White-Tailed Hawk and a Harris' Hawk on a Wild Turkey Poult Condor 4: 475.
  34. ↑ Woodward, H.D. (2003). Lone Harris' Hawk Kills Great Blue Heron. The Raptor Research Foundation 1:85–86.
  35. ↑ Bednarz, J. C. (1988). A comparative study of the breeding ecology of Harris's and Swainson's hawks in southeastern New Mexico. Condor 90:311–323.
  36. ↑ Bednarz, J. C., J. W. Dawson, and W. H. Whaley. (1988). Harris' Hawk. Pages 71–82 in Proceedings of the southwest raptor management symposium and workshop. (Glinski, R. L., B. G. Pendleton, M. B. Moss, M. N. LeFranc, Jr., B. A. Millsap, and S. W. Hoffman, Eds.) Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, D.C.
  37. ↑ Coulson, Jennifer O., and Thomas D. Coulson. "Reexamining cooperative hunting in Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus): large prey or challenging habitats?." The Auk 130.3 (2013): 548-552.
  38. ↑ Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. (1978). Biology of the Ferruginous Hawk in central Utah. Sociobiology 3:79–98.
  39. ↑ Thurow, T. L., C. M. White, R. P. Howard, and J. F. Sullivan. (1980). Raptor ecology of Raft River valley, Idaho. EG&G Idaho, Inc. Idaho Falls.
  40. ↑ Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. (1973). Breeding ecology of raptors in the East Great Basin Desert of Utah. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. Vol. 18:1–76.
  41. ↑ Farquhar, C. C. (1986). Ecology and breeding behavior of the White-tailed Hawk on the northern coastal prairies of Texas. PhD. diss. Texas A & M Univ. College Station.
  42. ↑ Dunning Jr., John B. (Editor). (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  43. ↑ Mader, W. J. (1975). Biology of the Harris' hawk in southern Arizona. Living Bird 14:59–85.
  44. ↑ Brannon, J. D. (1980). The reproductive ecology of a Texas Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi) population. Master's Thesis. Univ. of Texas, Austin.
  45. ↑ Nutting, C. C. (1883). On a collection of birds from the Hacienda "La Palma," Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, with critical notes by Robert Ridgway. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1982(5):382–409.
  46. ↑ Johnson, A. W. (1965). The birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Platt Establecimientos Graficos, Buenos Aires.
  47. ↑ Jaksic, F. M., J. L. Yanez, and R. P. Schlatter. (1980). Prey of the Harris' hawk in central Chile. Auk 97:196–198.
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Page needed
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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