Английская Википедия:Hartmann Grasser

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Hartmann Grasser (23 August 1914 – 2 June 1986) was a World War II German fighter ace. He was credited with shooting down 103 Allied aircraftШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while flying 700 missions on the Western Front, Eastern Front, and in North Africa. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Early life and career

Grasser was born on 23 August 1914 in Graz, Steiermark, Austria. After he received his Abitur, he started studying medicine and became a member of the Austrian Nazis. Following the failed coup attempt in the July Putsch, Grasser fled to Germany. On 1 April 1936, Grasser then joined the Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker (cadet).Шаблон:Sfn Following flight training,Шаблон:Refn he was posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Zerstörergeschwader 52 (ZG 52—52nd Destroyer Wing) where he served with 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of ZG 52.Шаблон:Sfn

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. At the time ZG 52 was commanded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Lessmann and was based at Biblis where it was tasked with protecting Germany's western border in the Saar region during the "Phoney War".Шаблон:Sfn On 16 September, Grasser shot down a tethered balloon. The following day, he was awarded the Iron Cross second Class (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn A week later, on 24 September 1939, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 109 D-1 was damaged in combat with a French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, resulting in a forced landing at Bingen.Шаблон:Sfn That day, I. Gruppe of ZG 52 was also renamed and became the Jagdgruppe 152 (JGr. 152—152nd Fighter Group). On 6 January 1940, JGr. 152 was ordered to Graz where it was reequipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter and was renamed, again becoming the I. Gruppe of ZG 52.Шаблон:Sfn This unit was then renamed and became the II. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2—2nd Destroyer Wing). In consequence, Grasser became a pilot of 6. Staffel. Flying with this squadron, he participated in the Battle of France and Battle of England and claimed six aerial victories.Шаблон:Sfn During these campaigns, Grasser was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1940 and received the Iron Cross first Class (Шаблон:Lang) on 7 July.Шаблон:Sfn

With Jagdgeschwader 51

In October 1940, Grasser was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).Шаблон:Sfn There, he was assigned to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) headed by Oberstleutnant Werner Mölders. Prior to his posting to JG 51, Grasser had been destined to become a night fighter pilot which was not what he wanted to do. Additionally, he helped in the formation of the Z-Staffel (Z—Zerstörer or destroyer) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which later became part of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing). Grasser also served as a test pilot, flying the Bf 109 T, the aircraft carrier variant, which were to be produced at Fieseler in Kassel. His acquaintance, Oberleutnant Hans Kolbow, introduced him to Mölders who arranged the transfer to JG 51 instead.Шаблон:Sfn

Grasser claimed his first aerial victory flying with JG 51 on 1 December 1940 when he shot down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter near Ashford.Шаблон:Sfn

On the Eastern Front

In June 1941, JG 51 and the majority of the Luftwaffe were transferred to the Eastern Front in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.Шаблон:Sfn On 16 July 1941, Kolbow, the Staffelkapitän of 5. Staffel was killed in action. He was replaced by Leutnant Hans-Joachim Steffens who also killed in action shortly after. On 1 August, command of 5. Staffel was then handed to Grasser. The Staffel was a squadron of II. Gruppe, at the time commanded by Hauptmann Hubertus von Bonin.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 October, the Gruppe was briefly detached from the Geschwaderstab of JG 51 and ordered east to Oryol. There, the Gruppe was subordinated to Gefechtsverband Schönborn (Detachment Schönborn), named after the commander of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 (StG 77—77th Diver Bomber Wing), Major Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 January 1942, Grasser attacked and shot down an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. However, his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 9704—factory number) was also hit by the aerial gunner of the DB-3 bomber resulting in a forced landing in no man's land. Grasser, who was wounded in the encounter, was rescued by the German infantry.Шаблон:Sfn

On 2 July 1942, the 9th Army launched Operation Seydlitz as part of the Battles of Rzhev. Defending against this operation, the Soviet Air Forces (VVS—Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily) attacked the Luftwaffe airfield at Bryansk on 5 July. II. Gruppe of JG 51 was scrambled and claimed 46 Soviet aircraft shot down for the loss of Bf 109s damaged. That day, Grasser was claimed eight aerial victories, making him an "ace-in-a-day".Шаблон:Sfn

North Africa

II. Gruppe had been withdrawn from the Eastern Front in early October 1942 and sent to Jesau in East Prussia, present day Yushny, Bagrationovsky District, for conversion to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Conversion training began on 7 October and on 4 November, the unit received the order to convert back to the Bf 109 and to transfer to the Mediterranean theatre. Via various stopovers, II. Gruppe moved to Sidi Ahmed airfield, arriving on 14 November. There, the unit was subordinated to Fliegerführer Tunis (Flying Leader Tunis).Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Grasser, Nowotny, Rall e Wittgenstein.jpg

Grasser (left), Nowotny, Rall, Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein at Rastenburg

On 31 August 1943, Grasser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Шаблон:Lang). He was the 288th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.Шаблон:Sfn The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg on 22 September 1943. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Günther Rall and Hauptmann Walter Nowotny were awarded the Swords to their Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, and Hauptmann Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein also received the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.Шаблон:Sfn Grasser was then transferred to the staff of commanding general of the 4. Jagd-Division (4th Fighter Division), and was promoted to Major on 1 December 1943.Шаблон:Sfn

On 28 April 1944, Grasser succeeded Hauptmann Friedrich Eberle as commander of III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) which was based at Quedlinburg and fighting in Defense of the Reich.Шаблон:Sfn On 3 June, Grasser transferred command of III. Gruppe to Hauptmann Karl-Heinz Weber who had previously commanded 7. Staffel of JG 1 on the Eastern Front.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 October, Grasser took command of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 110 (JG 110—110th Fighter Wing).Шаблон:Sfn

Later life

In May 1945, Grasser was taken prisoner of war by the United States Army. In 1946, he was transferred to the Soviet Union and was released in 1949. Following his return to Germany, he relocated to India where he became a civilian flight instructor. In 1950, he moved to Syria to work as a military advisor to the Syrian Air Force in Damascus.Шаблон:Sfn After his return to Germany, he settled with his wife and two sons in Cologne. There, he owned and operated a sheet metal factory. Grasser died on 2 June 1986 in Cologne and was interred in his hometown Graz.Шаблон:Sfn

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Grasser was credited with 103 aerial victories.Шаблон:Sfn Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for more than 96 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 83 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and over 13 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.Шаблон:Sfn

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47524". The Luftwaffe grid map (Шаблон:Lang) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about Шаблон:Convert. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area Шаблон:Convert in size.Шаблон:Sfn

Chronicle of aerial victories
Claim!	Claim#	Date	Time	Type	Location	Claim!	Claim#	Date	Time	Type	Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 152 –Шаблон:Sfn "Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1		16 September 1939	Шаблон:Center	tethered balloonШаблон:Sfn			1	24 September 1939	Шаблон:Center	Curtiss	near Hornbach
According to Mathews and Foreman, aerial victories 2 to 5 are not documented in the German Federal Archives.Шаблон:Sfn
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn At the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 26 July 1941
7	6	1 December 1940	15:16	Hurricane	AshfordШаблон:Sfn	Шаблон:Center	Шаблон:Center	16 April 1941	18:42	Spitfire	Berck-sur-MerШаблон:Sfn
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
8	7	22 June 1941	12:37	SB-2Шаблон:Sfn		15	13	1 July 1941	14:50	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
9	8	25 June 1941	12:32	SB-2Шаблон:Sfn		16	14	7 July 1941	19:30	V-11 (Il-2)Шаблон:Sfn
10	9	29 June 1941	18:30	V-11 (Il-2)Шаблон:Sfn		17	15	10 July 1941	07:50	R-ZШаблон:Sfn?Шаблон:Refn
11	10	29 June 1941	19:55	I-16Шаблон:Sfn		18	16	11 July 1941	09:55	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
12	11	30 June 1941	11:45	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn		19	Шаблон:Center	12 July 1941	18:50	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
13	Шаблон:Center	30 June 1941	15:45	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn		20	17	13 July 1941	19:25	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
14	12	30 June 1941	15:50	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Operation Barbarossa — 26 July – 5 December 1941
21	18	26 July 1941	16:52	BostonШаблон:Sfn		31	28	2 October 1941	10:55	I-18 (MiG-1)Шаблон:Sfn
22	19	26 July 1941	19:20	R-5Шаблон:Sfn		32	29	5 October 1941	14:27	DB-3	northeast of SevskШаблон:Sfn
23	20	29 July 1941	18:30?Шаблон:Refn	SB-3Шаблон:Sfn		33	30	5 October 1941	14:30	DB-3	northeast of SevskШаблон:Sfn
24	21	29 July 1941	18:36	SB-3Шаблон:Sfn		34	31	7 October 1941	14:10	Pe-2
25	22	9 August 1941	13:50	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn		Шаблон:Center	Шаблон:Center	8 October 1941	Шаблон:Center	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn
26	23	26 August 1941	18:16	Boston	Шаблон:Convert east of KalugaШаблон:Sfn	35	32	22 October 1941	14:59	I-61 (MiG-3)Шаблон:Sfn
27	24	30 August 1941	17:42	I-18 (MiG-3)Шаблон:Sfn		36	33	24 October 1941	14:10	SB-2Шаблон:Sfn
28	25	30 August 1941	17:45	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn		37	34	5 November 1941	09:32	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
29	26	2 September 1941	07:06	R-5	Шаблон:Convert southeast of SechtschinskajaШаблон:Sfn	38	35	16 November 1941	09:53?Шаблон:Refn	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
30	27	7 September 1941	17:20	I-61?Шаблон:Refn	Шаблон:Convert east of KarlewezШаблон:Sfn	39	36	2 December 1941	11:10	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 24 January 1942
40	37	6 December 1941	14:10	I-61 (MiG-3)	Шаблон:Convert east of KashiraШаблон:Sfn	44	41	11 January 1942	14:05	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn
41	38	14 December 1941	09:20	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn		45	42	19 January 1942	12:20	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
42	39	4 January 1942	12:15	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn		46	43	24 January 1942	12:45	DB-3Шаблон:Sfn
43	40	4 January 1942	12:50	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — March – 30 April 1942
47	44	31 March 1942	12:10	LaGG-3Шаблон:Sfn		49	46	7 April 1942	10:50	LaGG-3	east of KschenШаблон:Sfn
48	45	31 March 1942	15:12	LaGG-3Шаблон:Sfn
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Eastern Front — 1 May – 7 October 1942
50	47	21 May 1942	06:55	R-ZШаблон:Sfn?		71	68	10 August 1942	17:10	Pe-2	PQ 47524Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Rzhev
51	48	23 June 1942	11:40	I-153Шаблон:Sfn		72	69	13 August 1942	18:03	Yak-1	PQ 54294Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Belyov
52	49	25 June 1942	11:29	I-16Шаблон:Sfn		73	70	20 August 1942	11:55	MiG-3	PQ 64142Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Belyov
53	50	26 June 1942	11:15	Yak-1Шаблон:Sfn		74	71	21 August 1942	11:35	LaGG-3	PQ 55884, west of KozelskШаблон:Sfn
54		3 July 1942	05:10	I-153Шаблон:Sfn		75	72	22 August 1942	16:00	Pe-2	PQ 54434Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Belyov
55♠	51♠	5 July 1942	04:46	Yak-1Шаблон:Sfn		76	73	23 August 1942	06:40	Il-2	PQ 54412Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northeast of Dudorovskiy
56♠	52♠	5 July 1942	04:55	Pe-2Шаблон:Sfn		77	74	23 August 1942	07:00	Il-2	PQ 55883Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Kozelsk
	53♠	5 July 1942	05:10	I-153		78	75	23 August 1942	17:33	Il-2	PQ 54422Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of Belyov
57♠	54♠	5 July 1942	09:33	Il-2Шаблон:Sfn		79	76	25 August 1942	06:32	Pe-2	PQ 64173Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert southwest of Belyov
58♠	55♠	5 July 1942	09:40	Il-2Шаблон:Sfn		80	77	27 August 1942	17:55	Yak-1	PQ 64793Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Zalegoshch
Шаблон:Center	Шаблон:Center	5 July 1942	Шаблон:Center	LaGG-3Шаблон:Sfn		81	78	28 August 1942	14:00	Il-2	north-northwest of BolkhovШаблон:Sfn
59♠	56♠	5 July 1942	13:50	Yak-1	Шаблон:Convert north of BolkhovШаблон:Sfn	82	79	29 August 1942	11:35	LaGG-3	PQ 54224Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Kozelsk
60♠	57♠	5 July 1942	14:27	Il-2Шаблон:Sfn		83	80	3 September 1942	13:30	LaGG-3	northeast of SychyovkaШаблон:Sfn
61♠	58♠	5 July 1942	19:30	Il-2Шаблон:Sfn		84	81	4 September 1942	11:52	I-153	PQ 73151, east-southeast of NovosilШаблон:Sfn vicinity of Verkhovye
62	59	9 July 1942	05:15	I-153Шаблон:Sfn		85	82	10 September 1942	10:22	LaGG-3	PQ 47824Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert east of Zubtsov
63	60	9 July 1942	05:16	I-153Шаблон:Sfn		86	83	10 September 1942	15:05	MiG-3	PQ 44132Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southeast of Kirov
64	61	18 July 1942	11:35	Yak-1Шаблон:Sfn		87	84	14 September 1942	17:00	Il-2	PQ 47593Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Rzhev
65	62	2 August 1942	15:12	Il-2	PQ 47582Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Rzhev	88	85	14 September 1942	17:22	Il-2	PQ 47591Шаблон:Sfn vicinity of Rzhev
66	63	2 August 1942	18:05	Pe-2	PQ 47572Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Rzhev	89	86	26 September 1942	09:25	R-5	PQ 47483Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Staritsa
67	64	4 August 1942	06:35	MiG-3	PQ 47552Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Rzhev	90	87	26 September 1942	09:26	R-5	PQ 47483Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert west of Staritsa
68	65	4 August 1942	06:40	MiG-3	PQ 47551Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Rzhev	91	88	27 September 1942	07:55	LaGG-3	PQ 47542Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert northwest of Rzhev
69	66	4 August 1942	12:05	LaGG-3	PQ 47524Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south-southwest of Rzhev	92	89	1 October 1942	11:45	Pe-2	Шаблон:Convert northeast of KarmanowoШаблон:Sfn
70	67	5 August 1942	17:00	Il-2	PQ 56164Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north-northeast of Gagarin	Шаблон:Center	Шаблон:Center	4 October 1942	Шаблон:Center	unknownШаблон:Sfn
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn Mediterranean Theater — 5 November – 31 December 1942
93		17 November 1942	12:12	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert west of BizerteШаблон:Sfn	97	93	2 December 1942	09:53	P-38	Шаблон:Convert west of TebourbaШаблон:Sfn
94	90	27 November 1942	09:19	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of BéjaШаблон:Sfn	98	94	4 December 1942	10:30	P-38	Шаблон:Convert north of Majaz al BabШаблон:Sfn
95	91	28 November 1942	09:15?Шаблон:Refn	Lysander	Шаблон:Convert west of Majaz al BabШаблон:Sfn	99	95	5 December 1942	10:45	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert west of TebourbaШаблон:Sfn
96	92	2 December 1942	09:40?Шаблон:Refn	P-38	Шаблон:Convert south of TebourbaШаблон:Sfn
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –Шаблон:Sfn North Africa — 1 January – 6 June 1943
100	96	2 January 1943	12:25?Шаблон:Refn	Lancaster?	southeast of Majaz al BabШаблон:Sfn	102	99	22 March 1943	14:10	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert south of GabèsШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert south of Mareth
	97	2 January 1943	12:27	P-38	southwest of Majaz al Bab	103	100	26 March 1943	12:28	P-38	Шаблон:Convert north of MaknassyШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert north of Mansoura
101	98	21 March 1943	13:07	Spitfire	Шаблон:Convert southeast of GabèsШаблон:Sfn

Awards

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (17 September 1939)Шаблон:Sfn
  • 1st Class (7 July 1940)Шаблон:Sfn
• German Cross in Gold on 19 September 1942 as Hauptmann in the II./Jagdgeschwader 51Шаблон:Sfn
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Knight's Cross on 4 September 1941 as Oberleutnant and pilot in the II./Jagdgeschwader 51Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
  • 288th Oak Leaves on 31 August 1943 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the II./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Promotions

1 January 1938:	Leutnant (second lieutenant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 June 1940:	Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)Шаблон:Sfn
1 August 1942:	Hauptmann (captain)Шаблон:Sfn
1 December 1943:	Major (major)Шаблон:Sfn

References

Bibliography

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