Английская Википедия:Hasan al-Askari

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Шаблон:Twelvers Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Шаблон:Lang-ar; Шаблон:Circa), better known as Hasan al-Askari (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is regarded as the eleventh of the Twelve Imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Medina in 844 and brought with his father to the garrison town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs held them under close surveillance until their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After the death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his following acknowledged his son, al-Askari, as their next Imam. Al-Askari's contact with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs and instead he communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the age of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family home next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari shrine, a major center for Shia pilgrimage. Shia sources commonly hold the Abbasids responsible for the death of al-Askari and his father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari died without leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion and fragmented the Shia community into several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia. The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had a son, commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (Шаблон:Lit), who was kept hidden from the public out of the fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after the death of his father and entered a state of occultation. His life is said to be miraculously prolonged until the day he manifests himself again by God's permission to fill the earth with justice. Though in occultation, the Imam still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual guidance of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are numerous and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Ali is known by the titles al-Samet (Шаблон:Lit), al-Hadi (Шаблон:Lit), and al-Zaki (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn though his most common title is al-Askari (Шаблон:Lit)، on the account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra,Шаблон:Sfn a garrison town not far from Baghdad which was the capital of the Abbasids at the time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As a great-grandson of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams, Hasan was also known by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844),Шаблон:Sfn though other given dates range from 845 to 847.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday.Шаблон:Sfn Hasan was born in Medina,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though Donaldson has cast doubt on this, as he is uncertain between Medina and Samarra.Шаблон:Sfn His father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and his mother was a freed slave (umm walad), whose name is variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different sources.Шаблон:Sfn At the age of about two,Шаблон:Sfn Hasan was brought to Samarra with his father in 233 or 234 AH (847–849),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn where the latter was held under close surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death in 254 (868), some twenty years later.Шаблон:Sfn

When Hasan was about twenty-two,Шаблон:Sfn an agent of his father is said to have providentially bought a Byzantine concubine, named Narjis (Narcissus),Шаблон:Sfn who was given to Hasan in marriage,Шаблон:Sfn and later bore him his only son.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Other sources give her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana.Шаблон:Sfn The detailed accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who was told in a dream about her future union with Hasan,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though these accounts have been described as hagiographic.Шаблон:Sfn Some other accounts describe Narjis as Nubian.Шаблон:Sfn

Designation as the Imam

After the death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his followers acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam. Shia sources report that al-Hadi designated Hasan as the next Imam a few months before his death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After al-Hadi, his another son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself.Шаблон:Sfn Madelung adds that some had expected another son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the next Imam but he predeceased his father in Samarra.Шаблон:Sfn

Imamate

The imamate of al-Askari began in 868 and lasted only about six years,Шаблон:Sfn overlapping with the caliphates of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid.Шаблон:Sfn During these years, though not politically active, al-Askari mostly lived under house arrest in Samarra, subject to constant surveillance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He therefore communicated with his followers mostly through a network of representatives,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn notably Uthman ibn Sa'id.Шаблон:Sfn Tabatabai and Sachedina write that al-Askari was not allowed any social contact with the general Shia population.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tabatabai also suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about the traditions, circulating among the Shia elite, which predicted that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi.Шаблон:Sfn Small groups of Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit), mostly formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari. They often conferred divinity on the Shia Imams and included the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the adherents of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, and Mada'in.Шаблон:Sfn

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (Шаблон:Reign) and al-Muhtadi (Шаблон:Reign)

After the death of his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz in Baghdad, and he was kept in prison through the short reign of al-Muhtadi, the next caliph.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (Шаблон:Reign)

The persecution of the Shia continued under al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.Шаблон:Sfn It is believed that most of al-Askari's prison experiences happened during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main oppressor.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Askari is said to have criticized the caliph for restricting the administration of Khums (Шаблон:Lit), the Islamic alms distributed among the descendants of the prophet,Шаблон:Sfn who were forbidden from receiving general alms in the prophet's lifetime.Шаблон:Sfn In his lifetime, a main source of assistance for the poor in his clan, the Banu Hashim, was the income of agricultural lands in Fadak.Шаблон:Sfn Historically, Abu Bakr, the first Rashidun caliph, discontinued the prophet's policies and, in particular, reappropriated Fadak as public property,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn forcing Banu Hashim to rely on general alms,Шаблон:Sfn possibly to undermine their claims to the caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This policy was partially reversed by his successor, Umar,Шаблон:Sfn and then by the Umayyad Umar II, though later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Файл:Al-Askari Mosque.jpg

Al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq, before the 2006 bombing

At the age of about twenty-eight,Шаблон:Sfn al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 January 874) after a week-long illness.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion.Шаблон:Sfn Shia sources commonly attribute his death to poisoning at the instigation of al-Mu'tamid.Шаблон:Sfn During the week of his illness, many notable Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed and the caliph also sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam.Шаблон:Sfn However, considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended to closely monitor the Imam and later continued to search for his offspring after his death.Шаблон:Sfn Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina present similar accounts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Al-Askari was buried in the family home, next to his father, Ali al-Hadi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The house was later expanded to a major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the complex in 1868-9 and the golden dome was added in 1905.Шаблон:Sfn The shrine also houses the tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun.Шаблон:Sfn As an important destination for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged.Шаблон:Sfn Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to the destruction of the two minarets of the shrine. Authorities in Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible for this attack.

Succession

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without leaving an obvious heir,Шаблон:Sfn which created widespread confusion (Шаблон:Transliteration) and fragmented the Shia community into up to twenty sects.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn All these sects, however, disappeared within a hundred years except the Twelver Shia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some of them held that the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintained that he would later emerge as the eschatological Mahdi. Others concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the true Imam. Yet others accepted the imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari,Шаблон:Sfn who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself after the death of their father, al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn Some believed that the twelfth Imam would be born in the end of times to a descendant of al-Askari.Шаблон:Sfn

Occultation

The group that went on to become the Twelvers largely held that al-Askari had a son,Шаблон:Sfn named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same name as the prophet.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Born around 255 (868),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn he is also known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Out of the fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from the public and his existence was only known to a few trusted associates of the eleventh Imam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After the death of his father, Muhammad is said to have made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayers for his father instead of his uncle, Ja'far.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was not seen publicly afterwards and entered a state of occultation for the fear of persecution.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is said to have happened in the family home in Samarra, where currently a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (Шаблон:Transliteration) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, Шаблон:Lit), into which al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Immediately after the death of al-Askari,Шаблон:Sfn his main representative (Шаблон:Transliteration), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be the Bab (Шаблон:Lit) to the hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely not a radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and eleventh Imams were also effectively in occultation for the majority of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly isolated and under close surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.Шаблон:Sfn Uthman received petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing.Шаблон:Sfn According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's handwriting,Шаблон:Sfn whereas Hussain holds that the handwriting and style did not change even after Uthman's death, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi. This consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his followers on when the Major Occultation began.Шаблон:Sfn

Uthman later introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative of al-Mahdi. In turn, he nominated Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. After about seventy years, this period of Minor Occultation (Шаблон:Transliteration) ended with the death of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941). The letter predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and announced the beginning of the Major Occultation (Шаблон:Transliteration) which, the letter stated, would continue until God grants permission to al-Mahdi to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.Шаблон:Sfn It has been noted that the number of these agents was not limited to four in early Shia sources,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Momen suggests that the former network of the representatives (Шаблон:Transliteration) likely continued to operate during the Lesser Occultation.Шаблон:Sfn

Twelver doctrine of occultation

The Twelver doctrine of occultation (Шаблон:Transliteration) crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century.Шаблон:Sfn In its simplest form, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did not die but has been concealed by God from the mankind and his life has been miraculously prolonged until the day he manifests himself again by God's permission to fill the earth with justice. This occultation continues until the life of Imam is not threatened by enemies,Шаблон:Sfn and until the humankind is ready to receive his guidance.Шаблон:Sfn During the Minor Occultation, he remained in contact with his followers through the four Babs (gates). During the Major Occultation, which started in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there is no direct communication,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though the Imam still remains responsible in Shia belief for the spiritual guidance of humankind,Шаблон:Sfn as the sun behind a cloud still gives light and warmth.Шаблон:Sfn It also is believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in person or more commonly in dreams and visions. The accounts of these encounters are popular among the Shia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Shia literature about the doctrine of occultation is extensive, based both on rational and textual arguments.Шаблон:Sfn One such instance is a famous hadith attributed to the prophet by both Shia and Sunni authorities.Шаблон:Sfn This hadith states that, "If the earth had only one day of existence left to it, God would prolong that day until a man of my posterity, whose name will be my name, and his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the earth, filled till then with violence and oppression, with harmony and justice."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Works

A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari,Шаблон:Sfn which is believed to be authentic by some Shia authorities, notably, al-Mufid.Шаблон:Sfn In the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari is given by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory for the populace to follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command."Шаблон:Sfn Haider quotes a hadith, attributed to al-Askari, about the specific characteristics that distinguish a Shia from the wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs of a believer: fifty-one cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb forty days after the anniversary of his death, the wearing of a ring on the right hand, the placing of the forehead on the earth in prostration, and the audible recitation of the Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) [during daily prayers]."Шаблон:Sfn In the context of intercession (Шаблон:Transliteration), al-Askari is reported to have said that only a small fraction of God's mercy (Шаблон:Transliteration) has been dispersed among His creation in this world. All of God's mercy will be diffused on the Day of Judgement by means of which true Muslims will successfully intercede on behalf of their communities.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

• List of extinct Shia sects
• Muhammadite Shia

References

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External links

• The Eleventh Imam Hasan ibn Ali (al-Askari)