Английская Википедия:Hassaniya Arabic
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox language
Hassaniya Arabic (Шаблон:Lang-ar; also known as Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, and Maure) is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic spoken by Mauritanian Arabs and the Sahrawi people. It was spoken by the Beni Ḥassān Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin who extended their authority over most of Mauritania and Morocco's southeastern and Western Sahara between the 15th and 17th centuries. Hassaniya Arabic was the language spoken in the pre-modern region around Chinguetti.
The language has completely replaced the Berber languages that were originally spoken in this region. Although clearly a western dialect, Hassānīya is relatively distant from other Maghrebi variants of Arabic. Its geographical location exposed it to influence from Zenaga-Berber and Wolof. There are several dialects of Hassaniya, which differ primarily phonetically. There are still traces of South Arabian in Hassaniya Arabic spoken between Rio de Oro and Timbuktu, according to G. S. Colin.[1] Today, Hassaniya Arabic is spoken in Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and the Western Sahara.
Phonology
Шаблон:Unreferenced section The phonological system of Hassānīya exhibits both very innovative and very conservative features. All phonemes of Classical Arabic are represented in the dialect, but there are also many new phonemes. As in other Bedouin dialects, Classical /q/ corresponds mostly to dialectal Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have merged into Шаблон:IPA; and the interdentals Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have been preserved. The letter ج Шаблон:IPA is realised as Шаблон:IPA.
However, there is sometimes a double correspondence of a classical sound and its dialectal counterpart. Thus, classical Шаблон:IPA is represented by Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA 'to take' but by Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA 'scissors'. Similarly, Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA 'laugh (noun)', but Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA 'to be sick'. Some consonant roots even have a double appearance: Шаблон:IPA 'heavy (mentally)' vs. Шаблон:IPA 'heavy (materially)'. Some of the "classicizing" forms are easily explained as recent loans from the literary language (such as Шаблон:IPA 'law') or from sedentary dialects in case of concepts pertaining to the sedentary way of life (such as Шаблон:IPA 'scissors' above). For others, there is no obvious explanation (like Шаблон:IPA 'to be sick'). Etymological Шаблон:IPA appears constantly as Шаблон:IPA, never as Шаблон:IPA.
Nevertheless, the phonemic status of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA as well as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA appears very stable, unlike in many other Arabic varieties. Somewhat similarly, classical Шаблон:IPA has in most contexts disappeared or turned into Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA 'family' instead of Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA 'insist' instead of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA 'yesterday' instead of Шаблон:IPA). In some literary terms, however, it is clearly preserved: Шаблон:IPA 'suffering (participle)' (classical Шаблон:IPA).
Consonants
Hassānīya has innovated many consonants by the spread of the distinction emphatic/non-emphatic. In addition to the above-mentioned, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have a clear phonemic status and Шаблон:IPA more marginally so. One additional emphatic phoneme Шаблон:IPA is acquired from the neighbouring Zenaga Berber language along with a whole palatal series Шаблон:IPA from Niger–Congo languages of the south. At least some speakers make the distinction /p/–/b/ through borrowings from French (and Spanish in Western Sahara). All in all, the number of consonant phonemes in Hassānīya is 31, or 43 counting the marginal cases.
On the phonetic level, the classical consonants Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are usually realised as voiced Шаблон:IPA (hereafter marked Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:IPA. The latter is still, however, pronounced differently from Шаблон:IPA, the distinction probably being in the amount of air blown out (Cohen 1963: 13–14). In geminated and word-final positions both phonemes are voiceless, for some speakers /θ/ apparently in all positions. The uvular fricative Шаблон:IPA is likewise realised voiceless in a geminated position, although not fricative but plosive: Шаблон:IPA. In other positions, etymological Шаблон:IPA seems to be in free variation with Шаблон:IPA (etymological Шаблон:IPA, however varies only with Шаблон:IPA).
Vowels
Vowel phonemes come in two series: long and short. The long vowels are the same as in Classical Arabic Шаблон:IPA, and the short ones extend this by one: Шаблон:IPA. The classical diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may be realised in many different ways, the most usual variants being Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively. Still, realisations like Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA as well as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are possible, although less common.
As in most Maghrebi Arabic dialects, etymological short vowels are generally dropped in open syllables (except for the feminine noun ending Шаблон:IPA < Шаблон:IPA): Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA 'you (f. sg.) write', Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA 'he wrote'. In the remaining closed syllables dialectal /a/ generally corresponds to classical Шаблон:IPA, while classical Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have merged into Шаблон:IPA. Remarkably, however, morphological Шаблон:IPA is represented by Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA by Шаблон:IPA in a word-initial pre-consonantal position: Шаблон:IPA 'I stood up' (root w-g-f; cf. Шаблон:IPA 'I wrote', root k-t-b), Шаблон:IPA 'he descends' (subject prefix i-; cf. Шаблон:IPA 'he writes', subject prefix jə-). In some contexts this initial vowel even gets lengthened, which clearly demonstrates its phonological status of a vowel: Шаблон:IPA 'they stood up'. In addition, short vowels Шаблон:IPA in open syllables are found in Berber loanwords, such as Шаблон:IPA 'man', Шаблон:IPA 'calves of 1 to 2 years of age', and Шаблон:IPA in passive formation: Шаблон:IPA 'he was met' (cf. Шаблон:IPA 'he met').
Code-switching
Many educated Hassaniya Arabic speakers also practice code-switching. In Western Sahara it is common for code-switching to occur between Hassaniya Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Spanish, as Spain had previously controlled this region; in the rest of Hassaniya-speaking lands, French is the additional language spoken.
Orthography
Hassaniya Arabic is normally written with an Arabic script. However, in Senegal, the government has adopted the use of the Latin script to write the language, as established by Decree 2005–980 of October 21, 2005.[2]
| Hassaniya Arabic alphabet (Senegal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | Ḍ | E | Ë | F | G | H | Ḥ | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ñ | O | Q | R | S | Ṣ | Ŝ | T | Ṭ | Ŧ | U | V | W | X | Ẋ | Y | Z | Ż | Ẓ | ʔ |
| a | b | c | d | ḍ | e | ë | f | g | h | ḥ | i | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | o | q | r | s | ṣ | ŝ | t | ṭ | ŧ | u | v | w | x | ẋ | y | z | ż | ẓ | ʼ |
Speakers distribution
According to Ethnologue, there are approximately three million Hassaniya speakers, distributed as follows:
- Mauritania: 2,770,000 (2006)
- Western Sahara and the southern area of Morocco, known as the Tekna zone: 200,000+ (1995)
- Mali: 175,800 – 210,000 (2000)
- Senegal: 162,000 (2015)
- Algeria: 150,000 (1985)
- Libya: 40,000 (1985)
- Niger: 10,000 (1998)
See also
References
Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Notelist
- Шаблон:Cite book
- "Hassaniya, the Arabic of Mauritania", Al-Any, Riyadh S. / In: Linguistics; vol. 52 (1969), pag. 15 / 1969
- "Hassaniya, the Arabic of Mauritania", Al-Any, Riyadh S. / In: Studies in linguistics; vol. 19 (1968), afl. 1 (mrt), pag. 19 / 1968
- "Hassaniya Arabic (Mali) : Poetic and Ethnographic Texts", Heath, Jeffrey; Kaye, Alan S. / In: Journal of Near Eastern studies; vol. 65 (2006), afl. 3, pag. 218 (1) / 2006
- Hassaniya Arabic (Mali) : poetic and ethnographic texts, Heath, Jeffrey / Harrassowitz / 2003
- Hassaniya Arabic (Mali) – English – French dictionary, Heath, Jeffrey / Harrassowitz / 2004
- Taine-Cheikh, Catherine. 2006. Ḥassāniya Arabic. In Kees Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, 240–250. Leiden: E.~J.~Brill.
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