Английская Википедия:Hasselt dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Hasselt dialect or Hasselt Limburgish (natively Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfnp Standard Dutch: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-nl) is the city dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Belgian city of Hasselt alongside the Dutch language. All of its speakers are bilingual with standard Dutch.Шаблон:Sfnp
Phonology
Consonants
- Obstruents are devoiced word-finally. However, when the next word starts with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause, both voiced and voiceless word-final obstruents are realized as voiced.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA are bilabial, whereas Шаблон:IPA are labiodental. Шаблон:IPA is a bilabial approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp In this article, it is transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA, following the recommendations of Carlos Gussenhoven regarding transcribing the corresponding Standard Dutch phone.Шаблон:Sfnp
- In the palatal sequences Шаблон:IPA, the affricates tend to be realized as palatalized stops. Affricates are used in other positions and, in the case of conservative speakers, also in Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is often dropped,Шаблон:Sfnp though this is not marked in transcriptions in this article.
Realization of Шаблон:IPA
According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, Шаблон:IPA is realized as a voiced trill, either uvular Шаблон:IPAblink or alveolar Шаблон:IPAblink. Between vowels, it is sometimes realized with one contact (i.e. as a tap) Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfnp whereas word-finally, it can be devoiced to Шаблон:IPA.[1]
According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, about two thirds of speakers have a uvular Шаблон:IPA, whereas about one third has a categorical alveolar Шаблон:IPA. There are also a few speakers who mix uvular and alveolar articulations.Шаблон:Sfnp
Among uvular articulations, he lists uvular trill Шаблон:IPAblink, uvular fricative trill Шаблон:IPAblink, uvular fricative Шаблон:IPAblink and uvular approximant Шаблон:IPAblink, which are used more or less equally often in all contexts. Almost all speakers with a uvular Шаблон:IPA use all four of these realizations.Шаблон:Sfnp
Among alveolar articulations, he lists alveolar tap Шаблон:IPAblink, voiced alveolar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink, alveolar approximant Шаблон:IPAblink, voiceless alveolar trill Шаблон:IPAblink, alveolar tapped or trilled fricative Шаблон:IPA, voiceless alveolar tap Шаблон:IPAblink and voiceless alveolar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink. Among these, the tap is most common, whereas the tapped/trilled fricative is the second most common realization.Шаблон:Sfnp
Elsewhere in the article, the consonant is transcribed Шаблон:Angbr IPA for the sake of consistency with IPA transcriptions of other dialects of Limburgish.
Vowels
- The Hasselt dialect has undergone both the Old Saxon monophthongization (which has turned the older Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang into Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang) and the monophthongization of the former Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (which was then mostly merged with Шаблон:IPA due to the unrounding described below).
- Among the marginal vowels, the nasal ones occur only in French loanwords (note that Шаблон:IPA is typically transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA in transcriptions of French and that Шаблон:IPA is very rare, as in Standard Dutch), whereas Шаблон:IPA is restricted to loanwords from standard Dutch and English. As in about 50 other dialects spoken in Belgian Limburg, the rounded front vowels Шаблон:IPA have largely been replaced with their unrounded counterparts Шаблон:IPA and are mostly restricted to loanwords from French. The marginal diphthong Шаблон:IPA occurs only in loanwords from French and interjections. Шаблон:IPA is also rare, and like Шаблон:IPA occurs only in the word-final position.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Phonetically, Шаблон:IPA is near-front Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- All of the back vowels are almost fully back.Шаблон:Sfnp Among these, Шаблон:IPA and the non-native Шаблон:IPA are rounded, whereas Шаблон:IPA are unrounded.
- Before alveolar consonants, the long monophthongs Шаблон:IPA and the diphthongs Шаблон:IPA are realized as centering diphthongs Шаблон:IPA. In the case of Шаблон:IPA, this happens only before sonorants, with the disyllabic Шаблон:IPA being an alternative pronunciation. Thus, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'distress', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'fashion', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'news', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'cool' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'tired' surface as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. The distinction between a long monophthong and a centering diphthong is only phonemic in the case of the Шаблон:IPA pair, as exemplified by the minimal pair Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'broad' vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'plank'.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA are mid Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA occurs only in unstressed syllables.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is near-open, whereas Шаблон:IPA are open.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have somewhat advanced first elements (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively). The latter diphthong occurs only in the word-final position.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Among the closing-fronting diphthongs, the ending points of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA tend to be closer to Шаблон:IPAblink than Шаблон:IPAblink; in addition, the first element of Шаблон:IPA is closer to Шаблон:IPAblink: Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
There are three combinations of long monophthongs with coda Шаблон:IPA - those are Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, with the latter two occurring only in the word-final position, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'harm' (pl.) and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'drawer'. An example word for the sequence Шаблон:IPA is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'unwillingly'.Шаблон:Sfnp
Stress and tone
Шаблон:Main The location of stress is the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In compound nouns, the stress is sometimes shifted to the second element (the head noun), as in stadhäös Шаблон:IPA 'town hall'. Loanwords from French sometimes preserve the original final stress.Шаблон:Sfnp
As many other Limburgish dialects, the Hasselt dialect features a phonemic pitch accent, a distinction between the 'push tone' (Шаблон:Lang) and the 'dragging tone' (Шаблон:Lang). It can be assumed that the latter is a lexical low tone, whereas the former is lexically toneless. Examples of words differing only by pitch accent include Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'hen' vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'them' as well as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'mountains' vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'mountain'.Шаблон:Sfnp Phonetically, the push tone rises then falls (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA), whereas the dragging tone falls, then rises, then falls again (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA). This phonetic realization of pitch accent is called Rule 0 by Björn Köhnlein.Шаблон:Sfnp Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription Шаблон:Angbr IPA is used even in phonetic transcription.
A unique feature of this dialect is that all stressed syllables can bear either of the accents, even the CVC syllables with a non-sonorant coda. In compounds, all combinations of pitch accent are possible: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'Old Street', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'Fish Market', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'Oak Street' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'Fruit Market'.Шаблон:Sfnp
Sample
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun.
- "The north wind and the sun were discussing which of the two was the strongest. Just then someone came past who had a thick, warm, winter coat on."
Phonetic transcription:
Orthographic version:
References
Bibliography
Further reading
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- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. While the author does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol Шаблон:Angbr IPA for many instances of the word-final Шаблон:IPA.
- Английская Википедия
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- Languages of Belgium
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- Low Franconian languages
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