Английская Википедия:Haugean movement

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:A Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg
Haugianere
Adolph Tidemand (1852)
Файл:Hans Nielsen Hauge.jpg
Hans Nielsen Hauge ca. 1800

The Haugean movement or Haugeanism (Шаблон:Lang-no) was a Pietistic state church reform movement intended to bring new life and vitality into the Church of Norway, which had been often characterized by formalism and lethargy. The movement emphasized personal diligence, enterprise and frugality.[1][2]

Background

The Haugean movement took its name from the lay evangelist Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824). It played an important part in nurturing the democratic folk movement of the time, and stimulating the entrance into politics of representatives of the rural population. It increased tensions between the more privileged classes and the common people, as well as between the clergy and the laity.[3][4][5]

Hans Nielsen Hauge worked as a lay preacher at a time when such activity was forbidden by law. The Conventicle Act of 1741 (Шаблон:Lang) prohibited any religious meetings (conventicles) not authorized by the state church: a response to radical Pietism within Norwegian cities. The act decreed that religious gatherings could be held only under the supervision of a state-approved minister of the Church of Norway. The pastor was thought to be the only person who could correctly interpret Christian teachings. The ministers had the sole right to administer the sacraments, and as a public official he was accountable to the state for the Christian indoctrination of his flock.[5][6]

Hauge came to feel that he had a divine call which made it mandatory for him to break this law and proclaim the word of God directly among his fellowmen. He advocated a priesthood of all believers. He felt that people had to be awakened to a consciousness of their sins before they could begin to gain salvation through the grace of God. According to Hauge's views, the state church failed to provide parishioners with a personal religious experience. Hauge’s religious teachings were therefore viewed as attacks on the state church and its ministers.[7][8]

Over a period of 18 years, Hauge published 33 books. Hauge traveled, mostly by foot, throughout much of Norway. Hauge was arrested several times and faced state persecution. He was imprisoned no less than fourteen times between 1794 and 1811, spending a total of nine years in prison. Upon his release from prison in 1811, he took up work as a farmer and industrialist at Bakkehaugen near Christiania (now Oslo). He later bought the Bredtvet farm (now the current site of Bredtvet Church in Oslo) where he lived out his life.[9]

In the movement's early days, Hauge's emphasis on equality between men and women was a key aspect; women such as Sara Oust served as lay preachers.[10]

Impact

The teachings of Hauge had considerable influence with Norway. Within commerce, many Haugeans launched industry initiatives, including mills, shipyards, paper mills, textile industry and printing house. Within political activities, three Haugeans – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Christopher Borgersen Hoen and Ole Rasmussen Apeness – were in attendance at the National Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.[11]

Within popular culture, the character Solveig in Peer Gynt (1876) by Henrik Ibsen is presented as a member of a Haugean family, and this religious affiliation is clearly related to her purity and steadfast love for the play's protagonist. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's work Synnøve Solbakken (1857) also presents the heroine as a Haugean with similar purity and commitment to her eventual betrothed, Thorbjørn. A vivid picture of Haugeans appears in the novels of Alexander Kielland. Adolph Tidemand portrayed Hauge and his followers in the painting Haugianerne (1852).[12][13][14]

In September 1817 Шаблон:Ill, a ship with 500 immigrants from Württemberg, Germany, including a number of Rappites (followers of Pietist separatist George Rapp), was forced to stop in Norway because of poor weather conditions. Staying in Bergen for about a year and provided with housing by the authorities, they were warmly accepted by the Haugeans. The two groups found much in common and held devotions together, with some of the Germans learning Norwegian during their stay. Samson Trae, a Haugean leader, noted that "It gave us extreme joy to realize that the foundation of your faith accords with the true word of God."[15] After Rapp's followers left to settle in the United States, the two groups remained in contact for at least some time. In one letter, the Rappites stated, "Our hearts have often longed for your loving and edifying company since we came to America. We have longed more for Bergen than for Germany because of the love with which you received us and re-freshed us in body and spirit."[16][17][18]

The influence of Hans Nielsen Hauge within Norway coincided with the years during which many Norwegians were immigrating to North America. The Haugean influence on Lutheranism in America has been considerable. For example, the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States was a Haugean.[19] Lutherans in the U.S. had a Hauge Synod, Eielsen Synod, and Lutheran Free Church all indicative of that influence. He is honored and his writings are studied by American Laestadians, also called Apostolic Lutherans. (Most Laestadian denominations did not merge.) Hauge is remembered on the liturgical calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on March 29 as one of the renewers of the church.[20]

Opposition

In opposition to the Haugean movement's perceived legalistic, excessive focus on works righteousness, the Strong Believers movement was formed. Its leader, lay preacher Knud Spødervold, published his book Шаблон:Lang ('The Dispensation of God's Grace') in 1848. It was a polemic theological critique of the Haugeans, Moravian Church, Quakers, and others.[21][22] This resulted in a "fierce bitterness" between the Haugeans and Spødervold.[23]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Lutheranism

Other sources

  • Amundsen, Arne Bugge (1997) The Haugean Heritage – a Symbol of National History (from "In Search of Symbols. An Explorative Study" Jens Braarvig & Thomas Krogh,editors, pp. 214–233. Department of Cultural Studies, University of Oslo)
  • Eielsen, Sigrid (2000) A Haugean Woman in America : the Autobiography of Sigrid Eielsen (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Northfield, Minn., vol. 35)
  • Gjerde, S. S. & Ljostveit, P. (1941) The Hauge Movement In America (The Hauge Inner Mission Federation)
  • Wee, Mons Olson (1919) Haugeanism: A Brief Sketch of the Movement and Some of Its Chief Exponents (Harvard University)

Related reading

External links

Шаблон:Confessional Lutheran Revivals

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ p. 15 Report of the Annual Meeting of the Haugean Churches Held at Lisbon, Illinois, in June, 1854 Шаблон:Webarchive translated and edited by J. Magnus Rohne. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume IV:
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824): Lay evangelist and leader of a religious awakening in Norway Шаблон:Webarchive Global Christianity, Luther Seminary
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 From revolt to hegemony Шаблон:Webarchive Tysvær Local History Book. Volume 9; Such as They Lived, Svein Ivar Langhelle, Tysvær kommune, Rogaland, Norway, 1997, translation by Rotraud Slogvik, 2002
  6. ↑ p. 3 The Norwegian Immigrant and His Church Шаблон:Webarchive, Eugene L. Fevold, Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume 23
  7. ↑ Hans Nielsen Hauge, Lay-Preacher And Social Reformer Шаблон:Webarchive Per Gjendem Historieportal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Semmingsen, Ingrid Gaustad. Norwegian Emigration to America During the Nineteenth Century Шаблон:Webarchive. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume XI: p. 66.
  13. ↑ Magnus, Alv Johan (1978). Revival And Society: An Examination of the Haugean Revival and its Influence on Norwegian Society in the 19th Century. Magister Thesis in Sociology at the University of Oslo.
  14. ↑ Soltvedt, Susanne (1999) Hans Nielson Hauge: The Influence of the Hauge Movement on Women of Norway Шаблон:Webarchive. Murphy Library, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Undergraduate Research.
  15. ↑ Letter from Samson Traae, in the Manuscript Collection of The University Library, Oslo; letters from Kyllingen and Seglem in Haugean Letter-bank, manuscript in Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt, Oslo.
  16. ↑ German emigrants to "Dear, beloved Brothers and Sisters of God’s Society in Bergen", May 14, 1819, in Haugean Letter-hook, manuscript in Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftinstitutt, Oslo.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ p. 345 of the Lutheran Cyclopedia
  20. ↑ p. 66 Norwegian Emigration to America During the Nineteenth Century Шаблон:Webarchive Ingrid Gaustad Semmingsen, Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume XI:
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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