Английская Википедия:Hawaii mamo

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The HawaiШаблон:Okinai mamo (Drepanis pacifica) is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It was endemic to Hawaii Island. It became extinct due to habitat loss, mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the small Indian mongoose, and overcollecting.

Description

Файл:Drepanis pacifica-Keulemans.jpg

Illustration

The bird's natural habitat was limited to the Big Island (Hawaii Island). This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86 cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.

This shy species lived in the forest canopy and fed particularly on nectar of lobelioids from the tree-plant's curved, tubular flowers. The mamo was said to favor feed on the Шаблон:Lang plant,Шаблон:Refn encompassing Cyanea and Clermontia spp. of lobelioids, but these are also commonly called Шаблон:Lang and other authorities refer to the mamo's feeding plant as ‘ōhā, synonymous with Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn Шаблон:Refn There is anecdotal evidence they may have been partly insectivorous.Шаблон:Refn According to Henry C. Palmer, the bird was also fond of the berries of the hāhā, and ironically the berry juice could be made into birdlime.Шаблон:Sfnp

Its call was a long, plaintive whistle.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn

In Hawaiian culture

The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European Hawaiian society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats (featherwork) for royalty. Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of Kamehameha I is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.

The natives caught the bird by noose or by birdlime, and would lure it by imitating its call. The call is said to be "a single rather long and plaintive note"Шаблон:Refn so this may have been a song rather than a call. The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of sap from breadfruit (Шаблон:Lang-haw)Шаблон:Sfnp and lobelioids (ʻōhā).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn

The native feather-hunter (Шаблон:Lang) had developed (at the behest of King Kamehameha) the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime-caught birds with only a few (yellow) feathers to be harvested, namely the ʻōʻō and the mamo.Шаблон:Refn However by the 19th century, the kapu against killing mamo and ʻōʻō was not being strictly observed and these birds were being eaten by natives, as ornithologist Henry W. Henshaw suspected, and native historian David Malo has confirmed. Henshaw attributes the acceleration towards extinction to adoption of shotgun-hunting over traditional birdliming.

Settler impact and extinction

Файл:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.110030 - Drepanis pacifica (Gmelin, 1788) - Hawaii Mamo - specimen - video.webm

Turnaround video

Due to their bright colors, the birds were also popular with European collectors.

European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control rats, but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.

Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived habitat destruction. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880's.Шаблон:Refn But the last live specimen was obtained by Henry C. Palmer in 1892 (this birds has been reported as tame unafraid when captured; Palmer's specimen fed on "sugar and water eagerly", and would stay perched on a twig in the tent).Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near Kaumana on the Island of HawaiШаблон:Okinai, as reported by a collector, Henry W. Henshaw,Шаблон:Refn Henshaw in correspondence to Rothschildrevealed that when he spotted and he stalked a family of them, he actually shot and wounded one of them, though it escaped.

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book

• Шаблон:Citation

• Шаблон:Cite book; also copy @ biodiversitylibrary.org

External links

• Naturalis.nl: 3D view of Drepanis pacifica specimen (RMNH 110.030) — (requires QuickTime browser plugin).