Английская Википедия:Hawaiian tropical rainforests

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The Hawaiian tropical rainforests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of Шаблон:Convert in the windward lowlands and montane regions of the islands.[1] Coastal mesic forests are found at elevations from sea level to Шаблон:Convert.[2] Mixed mesic forests occur at elevations of Шаблон:Convert, while wet forests are found from Шаблон:Convert. Moist bogs and shrublands exist on montane plateaus and depressions.[1] For the 28 million years of existence of the Hawaiian Islands, they have been isolated from the rest of the world by vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean, and this isolation has resulted in the evolution of an incredible diversity of endemic species, including fungi, mosses, snails, birds, and other wildlife. In the lush, moist forests high in the mountains, trees are draped with vines, orchids, ferns, and mosses.[3] This ecoregion includes one of the world's wettest places, the slopes of [[Mount Waialeale|Mount WaiШаблон:OkinaaleШаблон:Okinaale]], which average Шаблон:Convert of rainfall per year.[4] Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Infobox ecoregion


Coastal mesic forests

Coastal mesic forests are found on the windward slopes of the major islands from sea level to Шаблон:Convert. These forests have been dominated by the native hala (Pandanus tectorius) and hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and naturalized (Polynesian introductions) kukui (Aleurites moluccana) and milo (Thespesia populnea) for the past 1,000–2,000 years. The Polynesian-introduced noni (Morinda citrifolia), pia (Tacca leontopetaloides), and kī (Cordyline fruticosa) are also common in this zone. Other native species include pololei (Ophioglossum concinnum),[2] Шаблон:Okinaākia (Wikstroemia spp.), loulu fan palms (Pritchardia spp.), Шаблон:OkinaōhiШаблон:Okinaa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), and lama (Diospyros sandwicensis).[5]

Mixed mesic forests

Mixed mesic forests, at Шаблон:Convert on the windward slopes of the large islands in addition to the summit of Mount LānaШаблон:Okinaihale on [[Lanai|LānaШаблон:Okinai]], receive Шаблон:Convert of rainfall annually and thus may not be true rainforests. The forest canopy, dominated by koa (Acacia koa) and Шаблон:OkinaōhiШаблон:Okinaa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), is somewhat open, but tree density is rather high.[6] Other trees and shrubs include pāpala (Charpentiera obovata), olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis), hame (Antidesma platyphyllum), mēhame (A. pulvinatum), kōpiko (Psychotria mariniana), Шаблон:Okinaōpiko (P. mauiensis), Шаблон:Okinailiahi (Santalum freycinetianum), hōlei (Ochrosia spp.), poШаблон:Okinaolā (Claoxylon sandwicense), kōlea lau nui (Myrsine lessertiana), kauila (Alphitonia ponderosa), nioi (Eugenia reinwardtiana), aШаблон:OkinaiaШаблон:Okinai (Streblus pendulinus), and hōШаблон:Okinaawa (Pittosporum spp.).[7]

Wet forests

Wet forests generally occur from Шаблон:Convert,[1] but may be as low as Шаблон:Convert. They receive Шаблон:Convert of rain per year.[6] Шаблон:OkinaŌhiШаблон:Okinaa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) is the dominant canopy species in wet forests, but koa (Acacia koa) is also very common. Other trees include kāwaШаблон:Okinau (Ilex anomala), Шаблон:Okinaalani (Melicope clusiifolia), Шаблон:OkinaōhiШаблон:Okinaa ha (Syzygium sandwicensis), kōlea lau nui (Myrsine lessertiana), Шаблон:Okinaohe (Tetraplasandra spp.), and olomea (Perrottetia sandwicensis) as well as hāpuШаблон:Okinau (Cibotium tree ferns). Шаблон:OkinaApeШаблон:Okinaape (Gunnera petaloidea), Шаблон:Okinaoha wai (Clermontia spp.), hāhā (Cyanea spp.), kāmakahala (Labordia hirtella), kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), Phyllostegia spp., Шаблон:Okinaākala (Rubus hawaiensis), kāmanamana (Adenostemma lavenia), Pilea peploides, māmaki (Pipturus albidus), olonā (Touchardia latifolia), and Шаблон:OkinaalaШаблон:Okinaala wai nui (Peperomia spp.) are common understory plants. Vines include maile (Alyxia oliviformis) and hoi kuahiwi (Smilax melastomifolia). Шаблон:OkinaIeШаблон:Okinai.e. (Freycinetia arborea), puaШаблон:Okinaakuhinia (Astelia menziesiana) and Шаблон:Okinaōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum) are epiphytic flowering plants found in wet forests. Epiphytic ferns, such as Adenophorus spp., ohiaku (Hymenophyllum recurvum), Ophioglossum pendulum, Шаблон:Okinaākaha (Asplenium nidus), Шаблон:Okinaēkaha (Elaphoglossum hirtum), and makue lau lii (Grammitis hookeri), cover trees. Epyphytic mosses include Acroporium fuscoflavum, Rhizogonium spiniforme, and Macromitrium owahiense.[7] Loulu fan palms (Pritchardia spp.) may tower over the forest canopy.[8]

Bogs

Bogs are found in montane regions where rainfall exceeds drainage. Dominant vegetation in bogs are shrubs, sedges, and grasses. Larger shrubs and small trees grow on bog perimeters or on raised hummocks. Carex spp., Oreobolus furcatus, and Rhynchospora rugosa are common sedges, shrubs include Шаблон:Okinaōhelo kau laШаблон:Okinaau (Vaccinium calycinum) and Шаблон:Okinaōhelo (V. dentatum), while grasses are represented by Dichanthelium spp. and Deschampsia nubigena.[7] Dwarf varieties of Шаблон:OkinaōhiШаблон:Okinaa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha vars. incana and glabriofolia) are the most seen trees on the edges of bogs.[9] The ferns wāwaeШаблон:Okinaiole (Lycopodiella cernua), Шаблон:OkinaamaШаблон:Okinau (Sadleria spp.),[7] and uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) grow in bogs.[9] Rare plants include liliwai (Acaena exigua), naШаблон:OkinaenaШаблон:Okinae (Dubautia spp.), and Argyroxiphium spp.[7]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WWF не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:NatGeo ecoregion
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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