Английская Википедия:Hawker Tornado

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The Hawker Tornado was a British single-seat fighter aircraft design of the Second World War for the Royal Air Force as a replacement for the Hawker Hurricane. The planned production of Tornados was cancelled after the engine it was designed to use, the Rolls-Royce Vulture, proved unreliable in service. A parallel airframe that used the Napier Sabre engine continued into production as the Hawker Typhoon.

Design and development

Shortly after the Hawker Hurricane entered service, Hawker began work on its eventual successor having asked the Air Ministry which projects should be considered. Two alternative projects were undertaken: the Type N (for Napier), with a Napier Sabre engine, and the Type R (for Rolls-Royce), equipped with a Rolls-Royce Vulture powerplant. Hawker sent drawings and data of the Sabre fighter to the Air Ministry in July 1937 which advised that a specification for such a fighter was likely to be presented soon. Hawker started on the Vulture engined design in October. The specification was released by the ministry as Specification F.18/37 early in 1938 after further prompting from Hawker but the full specification and invitation to tender did not arrive until April. The specification called for a single-seat fighter to replace the Spitfire and Hurricane armed with twelve 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, a maximum speed of at least 400 mph (644 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and a service ceiling of 35,000 ft (10,700 m) or more were required.Шаблон:Sfn

Other manufacturers responded to the specification: Bristol with a 42 ft span fighter powered by either Bristol Centaurus, Sabre or Vulture; Gloster with twin boom pusher (armament concentrated in nose) and a twin engine based on their F.9/37 fighter; Supermarine offered two similar twin engined designs (one tractor and one pusher type) Шаблон:Sfn The Hawker designs were chosen and two prototypes of both the Type N and R were ordered on 3 March 1938.

A contract for 500 Vulture and 500 Sabre engined fighters to F.9/37 was placed with Hawker on 10 July 1939. The official name 'Tornado' was issued in August.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Technical description

Both prototypes were very similar to the Hurricane in general appearance and shared some of its construction techniques. The front fuselage used the same swaged and bolted duralumin tube structure, which had been developed by Sydney Camm and Fred Sigrist in 1925. The new design featured automobile-like side-opening doors for entry, and used a large 40 ft (12 m) wing that was much thicker in cross-section than those on aircraft like the Supermarine Spitfire. The rear fuselage, from behind the cockpit, differed from that of the Hurricane in that it was a duralumin, semi-monocoque, flush-riveted structure. The all-metal wings incorporated the legs and wheel-bays of the wide-track, inward-retracting main undercarriage. The two models were very similar to each other; the R plane had a rounder nose profile and a ventral radiator, whereas the N had a flatter deck and a chin-mounted radiator. The fuselage of the Tornado ahead of the wings was 12 in (30 cm) longer than that of the Typhoon and the wings were fitted 3 in (76 mm) lower on the fuselage. The X-24 cylinder configuration of the Vulture required two sets of ejector exhaust stacks on each side of the cowling, and that the engine was mounted further forward than the Sabre in order to clear the front wing spar.

Flight trials

On 6 October 1939, the first prototype (P5219) was flown by P.G. Lucas, having first been moved from Kingston to Langley for completion. Further flight trials revealed airflow problems around the radiator, which was subsequently relocated to a chin position. Later changes included increased rudder area, and the upgrading of the powerplant to the Vulture Mark V engine. Hawker production lines focused on the Hurricane, with the result that completion of the second prototype (P5224) was significantly delayed. It featured the chin radiator, additional window panels in the fairing behind the cockpit, and the 12 .303 in machine guns were replaced by four 20 mm Hispano cannon. It was first flown on 5 December 1940, and was powered by a Vulture II, although as in the case of the first prototype, a Vulture V was later installed.

Production

In order to avoid upsetting the Hurricane lines, production was sub-contracted to Avro (another company in the Hawker group) in Manchester and Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft in Eastleigh, with orders for 1,760 and 200 respectively being placed in 1939. However, only one of these aircraft, from Avro, was ever built and flown, this being serial R7936. Shortly after its first flight at Woodford, on 29 August 1941, the Vulture programme was abandoned, followed closely by the cancellation of the Tornado order. At that time four aircraft were at various stages of production at the Avro shadow factory at Yeadon aerodrome, near Leeds.

The Vulture was effectively cancelled by Rolls-Royce in July 1941, partly due to the problems experienced in its use on the Avro Manchester, but mostly to free up resources for Merlin development and production. The Rolls-Royce Merlin was also starting to deliver the same power levels. However, the Vulture engine installation in the Tornado was relatively trouble free and the aircraft itself had fewer problems in flight than its Sabre-engined counterpart.

In February 1942 a contract was issued to convert one Tornado prototype to the Centaurus sleeve valve radial engine. The third prototype (HG641), the only other Tornado to fly, was flown on 23 October 1941, powered by a Centaurus CE.4S. This Tornado was built from two incomplete production airframes (R7937 and R7938), was a testbed for a number of Centaurus engine/propeller combinations and was the progenitor of the Hawker Tempest II.

Operators

Шаблон:UK

• Royal Air Force

Specifications (Tornado with Vulture II)

Файл:Hawker Tornado.svg

Orthographic projection of the second prototype Tornado, with the distinctive "beard" radiator, modified tail and fitting for four cannon. Inset profile of the first prototype in the original configuration looking very much like an enlarged Hurricane.

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book.
• Darling, Kev. Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Sea Fury. Ramsgate, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 2003. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Шаблон:Cite book.
• James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. Шаблон:ISBN. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
• Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 (3rd revised edition). London, UK: Putnam, 1991. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Mason, Francis K. The Hawker Typhoon and Tempest. Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, UK: Aston Publications, 1988. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Mondey, David. The Hamyln Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Myers, Gerald. Mother worked at Avro. Page 27.
• Sharpe, Michael. History of the Royal Air Force. Pages 64–66.
• Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. The Typhoon and Tempest Story. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Townend, David R. Clipped Wings – World War Two Edition. Markham: Aerofile Publications, 2010. Шаблон:ISBN.

External links

• Hawker Tornado – British Aircraft Directory
• Hawker Tornado – British Aircraft of World War II
• A photograph of the Vulture-engined second prototype, P5224
• A photograph of the Centaurus-engined third prototype, HG641
• A later photograph of HG641 with a different nose configuration