Английская Википедия:Hazaragi dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Infobox language
Hazaragi (Шаблон:Lang-fa; Шаблон:Lang-haz) is an eastern dialect and variety of the Persian language that is spoken by the Hazara people.[1][2]
Classification
Hazaragi is a member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is an eastern variety of Persian and closely related to Dari, one of the two official Languages of Afghanistan. The primary differences between Dari and Hazaragi are the accents[3] and Hazaragi's greater array of many Turkic and a few Mongolic words and loanwords.[4][5][6][7] Despite these differences, the two dialects are mutually intelligible.[8]
In Daykundi (former Uruzgan), Hazaragi has a significant admixture of Turkic influence in the language via Karluk.[9]
Geographic distribution and diaspora
Шаблон:See also Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people, who mainly live in Afghanistan (predominantly in the Hazarajat (Hazaristan) region of central Afghanistan, as well as other Hazara-populated areas of Afghanistan), with a significant population in Pakistan (particularly Quetta) and Iran (particularly Mashhad),[10] and by Hazaras in eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan, the Americas, Europe, and Australia.[11]The number of Hazaragi speakers in Iran increased significantly due to the influx of refugees from Afghanistan where there are an estimated 399,000 speakers in the country as of 2021.[12]
In recent years, a substantial population of Hazara refugees have settled in Australia, prompting the Department of Immigration and Citizenship to move towards an official recognition of the Hazaragi language. Currently, NAATI (National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters) holds interpreting tests for Hazaragi as a distinct language, noting in test materials that Hazaragi varies by dialect, and that any dialect of Hazaragi may be used in interpreter testing as long as it would be understood by the average speaker. The test materials also note that Hazaragi in some locations has been significantly influenced by surrounding languages, and that the use of non-Hazaragi words assimilated from neighboring languages would be penalized in testing.[13]
History
Persian and Islam
Шаблон:See also The Persian language became so much part of the religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots.Шаблон:Citation needed Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout South Asia.[14]
Turkic and Mongolic influence
Over the time, some of the Turkic and Mongolic languages died out in Afghanistan as living languages amongst some Hazaras. However, Hazaragi contains many Turkic and a few Mongolic loanwords.[14][6]
Grammatical structure
The grammatical structure of Hazaragi[15][16][17] is practically identical with that of the Kabuli dialect of Persian.[18][19]
Phonology
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Шаблон:IPA link | ||
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Low | Шаблон:IPA link |
Шаблон:IPA can also approach the sound Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.[20]
As a group of eastern Persian varieties which are considered the more formal and classical varieties of Persian,Шаблон:Citation needed Hazaragi retains the voiced fricative Шаблон:IPA, and the bilabial articulation of Шаблон:IPA has borrowed the (rare)Шаблон:Clarify retroflexes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA; as in buṭ (meaning "boot") vs. but (meaning "idol") (cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl); and rarely articulates Шаблон:IPA.[21] The convergence of voiced uvular stop Шаблон:IPA (ق) and voiced velar fricative Шаблон:IPA (غ) in Western Persian (probably under the influence of Turkic languages)[22] is still kept separate in Hazara.
Diphthongs include Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA (cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl). The vocalic system is typically eastern Persian, characterized by the loss of length distinction, the retention of mid vowels, and the rounding of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, alternating with its merger with Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA (cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl).[21] Шаблон:Clarify
Stress is dynamic and similar to that in Dari[23] and Tajik varieties of Persian,[24] and not variable.[25] It generally falls on the last syllable of a nominal form, including derivative suffixes and a number of morphological markers. Typical is the insertion of epenthetic vowels in consonant clusters (as in pašm to póšum; "wool") and final devoicing (as in ḵût; "self, own").[21]
Шаблон:IPA only occurs infrequently, and among more educated speakers. Шаблон:IPA can be heard as either a trill Шаблон:IPA or a tap Шаблон:IPA. /Шаблон:IPA/ can also range to uvular sounds [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]].
Nominal morphology
The most productive derivative marker is -i, and the plural markers are -o for the inanimate (as in kitab-o, meaning "books"; cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl) and -û for the animate (as in birar-û, meaning "brothers"; cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl). The emphatic vocative marker is û or -o, the indefinite marker is -i, and the specific object marker is -(r)a. The comparative marker is -tar (as in kalû-tar, meaning "bigger"). Dependent adjectives and nouns follow the head noun and are connected by -i (as in kitab-i mamud, meaning "the book of Maḥmud"). Topicalized possessors precede the head noun marked by the resumptive personal suffix (as in Zulmay ayê-ši, literally "Zulmay her mother"). Prepositions include, in addition to the standard Persian ones, ḵun(i) (meaning "with, by means of", da (meaning "in"; cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl); the latter often replaces ba (meaning "to") in dative function. Loaned postpositions include comitative -qati (meaning "together with") and (az) -worî (meaning "like"). Interrogatives typically function also as indefinites (as in kudam, meaning "which, someone").[21]
| Singular/Plural | First person | Second person | Third person |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | ma [me, I] (man) | tu [you] (tu) | e/u [this/that] (w) |
| plural | mû [we, us] (mo) | šimû/šumû (cumo) | yo/wo [these/those] (icon) |
| singular | -um [mine] -em | -it/khu/–tû [your/yours] (-et) | -iš/-(i)ši [his/hers] (-ec) |
| plural | -mû [ours] (-emon) | –tû/-šimû/šumû [your/yours] (-eton) | -iš/-(i)ši [their] (-econ) |
The inflection (u,o) that Hazaras use to pluralize nouns is also found in Avesta, Yashts such as Aryo.
Particles, conjunctions, modals, and adverbials
These include atê/arê, meaning "yes"; amma or wali, meaning "but"; balki, meaning "however"; šaydi, meaning "perhaps"; ale, meaning "now"; and wuḵt-a, meaning "then". These are also marked by distinctive initial stress.[21]
| Hazaragi | Persian/Dari | English |
|---|---|---|
| amyale | aknun | now |
| dalil'dera | dalil darad | maybe |
Verb morphology
The imperfective marker is mi- (assimilated variants: m-, mu-, m-, mê-; as in mi-zan-um, "I hit, I am hitting"). The subjunctive and imperative marker is bi- (with similar assimilation). The negation is na- (as in na-mi-zad-um, "I was not hitting"). These usually attract stress.[21]
Tenses
The tense, mood, and aspect system is typically quite different from western Persian. The basic tense system is threefold: present-future, past, and remote (pluperfect). New modal paradigms developed in addition to the subjunctives:
- The non-seen/mirative that originates in the resultative-stative perfect (e.g., zad-ēm; cf. Persian Шаблон:Transl), which has largely lost its non-modal use;
- the potential, or assumptive, which is marked by the invariant ḵot (cf. Persian xāh-ad or xād, "it wants, intends") combined with the indicate and subjunctive forms.
Moreover, all past and remote forms have developed imperfective forms marked by mi-. There are doubts about several of the less commonly found, or recorded, forms, in particular those with ḵot.[26] However, the systematic arrangement of all forms according to their morphological, as well as semantic, function shows that those forms fit well within the overall pattern. The system may tentatively be shown as follows (all forms are 1st sing), leaving out complex compound forms such as zada ḵot mu-buda baš-um.[21]
In the assumptive, the distinction appears to be not between present versus past, but indefinite versus definite. Also, similar to all Persian varieties, the imperfective forms in mi-, and past perfect forms, such as mi-zad-um and zada bud-um, are used in irreal conditional clauses and wishes; e.g., kaški zimi qulba kadagi mu-but, "If the field would only be/have been plowed!" Modal verbs, such as tan- ("can"), are constructed with the perfect participle; e.g., ma bû-r-um, da čaman rasid-a ḵot tanist-um, "I shall go, and may be able to get to Čaman". Participial nominalization is typical, both with the perfect participle (e.g., kad-a, "(having) done") and with the derived participle with passive meaning kad-ag-i, "having been done" (e.g., zimin-i qulba kada-ya, "The field is ploughed"; zamin-i qulba (na-)šuda-ra mi-ngar-um, "I am looking at a plowed/unplowed field"; imrûz [u ḵondagi] tikrar mu-kun-a, "Today he repeats (reading) what he had read"). The gerundive (e.g., kad-an-i, "to be done") is likewise productive, as in yag čiz, ki uftadani baš-a, ma u-ra qad-dist-ḵu girift-um, tulḡa kad-um, "One object, that was about to fall, I grabbed, and held it". The clitic -ku or -ḵu topicalizes parts of speech, -di the predicate; as in i-yši raft, ma-ḵu da ḵona mand-um, "He himself left; I, though, I stayed".[21]
See also
Шаблон:Hazara people Шаблон:Portal
References
External links
Шаблон:Persian language Шаблон:Iranian languages
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Schurmann, Franz (1962) The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, page 17, OCLC 401634
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Charles M. Kieffer, "HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect," Encyclopedia Iranica Online Edition, December 15, 2003, available at [1]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Area Handbook for Afghanistan, page 77, Harvey Henry Smith, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area Studies
- ↑ Barbara A. West. "Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania". pp 272. Info base Publishing, 2009. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Accreditation by Testing: Information booklet. NAATI, VERSION 1.10- August 2010
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Valentin Aleksandrovich Efimov, Yazyk afganskikh khazara: Yakavlangskii dialect, Moscow, 1965. pp. 22-83
- ↑ Idem, “Khazara yazyk,” in Yazyki mira. Iranskiĭ yazyki I: yugo-zapadnye iranskiĭ yazyki, Moscow, 1997, pp. 154-66.
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 29-41
- ↑ A. G. Ravan Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955.
- ↑ Idem, The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kāboli Dari (Persian), Compared to the Literary Language, Kabul, 1975
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 21,7 21,8 21,9 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ A. Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.
- ↑ Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955, pp. 64-67
- ↑ V. S.Rastorgueva, A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar, tr. Herbert H. Paper, Bloomington, Ind., and The Hague, 1963, pp. 9-10
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. p. 37
- ↑ G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 35-36
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