Английская Википедия:He (letter)

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He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician hē 𐤄, Hebrew hē ה, Aramaic hē 𐡄, Syriac hē ܗ, and Arabic hāʾ ه. Its sound value is the voiceless glottal fricative (Шаблон:IPA).

The proto-Canaanite letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon Ε ε, Etruscan E 𐌄, Latin E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, Ё, Є, Э, and Ҩ. He, like all Phoenician letters, represented a consonant, but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent vowel sounds.

Origins

In Proto-Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA-all, glottal Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA-all, and pharyngeal Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:IPA-all. In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs <hiero>V28</hiero>Шаблон:Transl "thread", <hiero>A28</hiero> Шаблон:Transl "jubilation", compare South Arabian Файл:Himjar ha.PNG Шаблон:Transl, Файл:Himjar ha2.PNG Шаблон:Transl, Файл:Himjar kha.PNG Шаблон:Transl, Ge'ez ሀ, ሐ, ኀ, and <hiero>O6</hiero> Шаблон:Transl "court". In the Phoenician alphabet, Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl are merged into Heth "fence", while Шаблон:Transl is replaced by He "window".

Arabic hāʾ

The letter is named Шаблон:Transl. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word: Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes

Шаблон:Transl is used as a suffix (with the Шаблон:Lang dictated by Шаблон:Transl) indicating possession, indicating that the noun marked with the suffix belongs to a specific masculine possessor; for example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl ("book") becomes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl ('his book') with the addition of final Шаблон:Transl; the possessor is implied in the suffix. A longer example, Шаблон:Lang, (Шаблон:Lang, "he reads his book") more clearly indicates the possessor. Hāʾ is also used as the Arabic abbreviation for dates following the Islamic era AH.

The Шаблон:Transl suffix appended to a verb represents a masculine object (e.g. Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl, 'he reads it').

The feminine form of this construction is in both cases Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl.

In Nastaʿlīq the letter has a variant, gol he, with its own particular shapes. As Urdu and other languages of Pakistan are usually written in Nastaʿlīq, they normally employ this variant, which is given an independent code point (U+06C1) for compatibility:

For aspiration and breathy voice Urdu and other languages of Pakistan use the medial (in Nastaliq script) or initial (in Naskh script) form of hāʾ, called in Urdu Шаблон:Lang ('two-eyed he'):

Several Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish also use this letter for fricative /Шаблон:IPA link/.

Arabic ae

Many Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish use the modification of the letter for front vowels /Шаблон:IPA link/ or /Шаблон:IPA link/. This has its own code point (U+06D5). To distinguish it from Arabic hāʾ /h/ the letter lacks its initial and medial forms: Шаблон:Arabic alphabet shapes By contrast, the letter used for /h/, appearing in loanwords, uses only the initial and medial forms of the Arabic hāʾ, even in isolated and final positions. In Unicode, Шаблон:Unichar is used for this purpose.

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	Шаблон:Script/Arabic	Шаблон:Script/Arabic	Шаблон:Script/Arabic	Шаблон:Script/Arabic

Example words in Uyghur include Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl), a loanword from Persian, and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl), a loanword from Arabic.

Hebrew heh

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ה	ה	ה	Файл:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg	Файл:He (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg

Hebrew spelling: Шаблон:Script/Hebrew

Pronunciation

In modern Hebrew, the letter represents a voiceless glottal fricative Шаблон:IPA, and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard.

Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, Hei is used to indicate an a-vowel, usually that of qamatz ( Шаблон:Script/Hebrew ), and in this sense functions like Aleph, Vav, and Yud as a mater lectionis, indicating the presence of a long vowel.

Hei, along with Aleph, Ayin, Reish, and Khet, cannot receive a dagesh. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form Hei-mappiq (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final Hei to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures.

Significance of He

In gematria, He symbolizes the number five, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 5000 (i.e. Шаблон:Lang in numbers would be the date 5754).

Attached to words, He may have three possible meanings:

• A preposition meaning the definite article "the", or the relative pronouns 'that', or 'who' (as in 'a boy who reads'). For example, Шаблон:Lang, 'a boy'; Шаблон:Lang, 'the boy'.
• A prefix indicating that the sentence is a question. (For example, Шаблон:Lang, 'You knew'; Шаблон:Lang, 'Did you know?')
• A suffix after place names indicating movement towards the given noun. (For example, Шаблон:Lang, 'Jerusalem'; Шаблон:Lang, 'towards Jerusalem'.)

In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of hei, out of all the letters, is 8.18%.

He, representing five in gematria, is often found on amulets, symbolizing the five fingers of a hand, a very common talismanic symbol.

In Judaism

He is often used to represent the name of God as an abbreviation for Hashem, which means The Name and is a way of saying God without actually saying the name of God (YHWH). In print, Hashem is usually written as Hei with a geresh: Шаблон:Script/Hebrew.

Syriac heh

Heh
Файл:Syriac Eastern he.svg Madnḫaya Heh
Файл:Syriac Serta he.svg Serṭo Heh
Файл:Syriac Estrangela he.svg Esṭrangela Heh

Файл:Syriac letter shapes Heh.PNG

In the Syriac alphabet, the fifth letter is Шаблон:Lang — Heh (Шаблон:Lang). It is pronounced as an [h]. At the end of a word with a point above it, it represents the third-person feminine singular suffix. Without the point, it stands for the masculine equivalent. Standing alone with a horizontal line above it, it is the abbreviation for either hānoh (Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'this is' or 'that is', or halelûya (Шаблон:Lang). As a numeral, He represents the number five.