Английская Википедия:Health care in Mozambique

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After its independence from Portugal in 1975, the Mozambique government established a primary health care system that was cited by the WHO as a model for other developing countries.[1] Over 90% of the population had been provided with vaccination. During the period of the early 1980s, around 11% of the government budget was targeted on health care.[2] The Mozambique civil war led to a great setback in the primary health system in Mozambique. RENAMO's attack on government infrastructures included health and education systems from 1980 to 1992.[3]

Health policy

Domestic health policy initiatives have begun making their own contributions to improvements in the country's health care, as well as through collaboration with international aid. In 2005, the Government of Mozambique formulated the National Public Investment plan – a nationwide initiative towards poverty reduction and social development.[4] Likewise, in 2015 the Government of Mozambique released Agenda 2025, which highlighted the goals for the country's long term social and economic growth as a framework for international aid partners around the world.[5]

In 2013, an integrated three-year plan for improved and expanded investment in public programming was implemented, including public health programming.[6] This plan, along with a medium term expenditure framework and a strategic health sector plan laid forth a plan for the country to develop, monitor, and evaluate poverty reduction and social progression initiatives.[6]

Through the duration of these and more social programming in Mozambique post-civil war, an emphasis was placed on improving dispersion of resources for the prevention and treatment of Mozambique's most prevalent health challenges, as well as towards improvement in public health education initiatives as a means of prevention.[7]

Substantial improvements in access to healthcare facilities has been made since the turn of the century, with increased governmental expenditure on health, increased funding towards the staffing and training of health facilities throughout the country, and a decrease in the population per clinic average by more than 50% from 1997 to 2007.[8]

Medicines

The National Health Service depends on external financing to pay for medicine. There is considerable reliance on foreign non-governmental organizations. There is a small private sector in urban areas, and there are still traditional medicine practitioners. In the National Health Service prescribable medicines must be included in the National Medicine Form or in the List of Essential Medicines. Hospital medicine, some basic medicine and medicines distributed by Community Health Workers are free. Medicine dispensed by the primary care network in rural areas is charged at a standard rate of 20 Mozambican metical per prescription. The National Regulatory Authority of Medicines was established in 2017. The State Pharmacies Company runs community pharmacies. There is a black market and counterfeit medicine is circulated. The country has one of the lowest proportions of clinicians in the world. A National Health Service has been established, but only extends to about half the population. Those who can afford to often seek medical attention in South Africa.[9]

History

Файл:Boer War; four scenes from the first English hospital in Bei Wellcome V0015560.jpg
Four scenes from the first English hospital in Mozambique.

The Healthcare System in Mozambique has adopted various policies over the years in accordance with fluctuations in the health status of the population. Mozambique has experienced civic conflict, natural disasters, and more – all of which have contributed to the health challenges that the country has faced historically and in present day. One staunch divider of Mozambican history is the Civil War, which raged from 1975 to 1992.[10] This period in history is also useful in defining periods of change in the country's health care administration.

Very little research on the subject of health in pre-colonial Mozambique exists today. However, according to historian Mario Azevedo, it has been agreed upon by experts in the field that collective national initiatives in health were not seen in Mozambique prior to the arrival of the Portuguese.[11] Shortly after Vasco de Gama set foot on East African soil in the 15th century,[12] colonization of the country began alongside Catholic intervention.[10] For the next 400 years, it is suspected that like many fellow Sub-Saharan African colonies, Mozambique's health facilities were run by European Catholic missionaries in the area.[10] The Chicuque Rural Hospital opened in 1913.

Prior to the commencement of the Mozambican Civil War in 1975, the country had already been facing conditions of hardship since the 1960s.[10] During this time, the country was plagued with violence and poverty in accordance with its struggle for independence from Portugal.[10] Although very little is known about health initiatives in Mozambique throughout the nearly twenty-year period of violent conflict post-independence, it is known that period acted as a precursor and risk factor for many of the most prevalent health challenges the country faces today, due to the infrastructural health, environmental health, and social health impacts of war.[13]

Post Civil War

When the Mozambican civil war concluded in 1992, the country began making progress towards recovery through domestic and international aid initiatives.

One of the most notable international aid interventions was the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, sponsored by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.[14] In 1996, this initiative began helping governments reduce the debt they were incurring through public health spending, effectively encouraging them to promote these healthy initiatives in their countries.[15] With the aid of this initiative, federal expenditure on health care was able to increase from US$4.6 billion in 1997, to US$7.5 billion in 2002.[6]

The funds that governments saved with the help of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative was left in the hands of poverty-reduction strategy papers (PRSP), whose primary responsibility was to ensure access of the poor to social resources - like health care - food security, and government transparency.[16] In Mozambique, two specific initiatives the PRSP pushed were (1) increasing community knowledge surrounding health challenges, diseases, and resources; and (2) preventing and slowing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases around the country through public health campaigns that increased public knowledge about modes of transmission and personal protection against STDs.[15]

See also Health in Mozambique

Hospitals

In 2019, there were 1,579 medical facilities in Mozambique. Besides hospitals, other facilities included rural and urban health centers.[17] In 2020, the government of Mozambique announced plans to build 49 new district hospitals.[18]

Hospitals in Mozambique
Name Province Type of hospital Coordinates Ref
Chiúre Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Mocímboia Da Praia Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Montepuez Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Mueda Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Metuge Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Miteda Hospital Rural Cabo Delgado Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Pemba Hospital Provincial Cabo Delgado Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Chibuto Hospital Rural Gaza Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Chicumbane Hospital Rural Gaza Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Chokwe Hospital Rural Gaza Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Cidade Chokwe Hospital Gaza Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Mandlakazi Hospital Rural Gaza Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Xai Xai Hospital Provincial Gaza Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Chicuque Rural Hospital Inhambane Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Quissico Hospital Distrital Inhambane Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Inhambane Hospital Provincial Inhambane Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Massinga Hospital Distrital Inhambane Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Vilanculos Hospital Rural Inhambane Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Catandica District Hospital Manica Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Espungabera Hospital Distrital Manica Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Gondola Hospital Rural Manica Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Chimoio Hospital Provincial Manica Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Manica Hospital Distrital Manica Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Chamanculo Hospital General Maputo General Шаблон:Coord [17]
J.Macamo Hospital General Maputo General Шаблон:Coord [17]
Maputo Central Hospital Maputo Central Шаблон:Coord [17][19]
Mavalane Hospital General Maputo General Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Da Matola Hospital Provincial Maputo Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital de Xinavane Hospital Rural Maputo Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Machava Hospital General Maputo Province General Шаблон:Coord [17]
Manhiça Hospital Distrital Maputo Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Maputo Private Hospital Maputo Province Private Шаблон:Coord [20]
Alua Hospital Distrital Nampula Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Angoche Hospital Rural Nampula Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Central Nampula Hospital Central Provincial Central Шаблон:Coord [17]
Marrere Hospital General Nampula Province General Шаблон:Coord [17]
Moma Hospital Distrital Nampula Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Monapo Hospital Rural Nampula Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Nacala Porto Hospital Distrital Nampula Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Namapa Hospital Rural Nampula Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Ribaue Hospital Rural Nampula Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Cuamba Hospital Rural Niassa Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Lichinga Hospital Provincial Niassa Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Marrupa Hospital Distrital Niassa Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Beira Hospital Central Sofala Central Шаблон:Coord [17][21][22]
Hospital de Muxungue Hospital Rural Sofala Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Distrital Caia Hospital Distrital Sofala District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Rural Buzi Hospital Rural Sofala Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Rural de Marromeu Hospital Rural Sofala Rural Шаблон:Coord [17][22]
Hospital Rural de Nhamatanda Hospital Rural Sofala Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Hospital Provincial de Tete Hospital Provincial Tete Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]
Mutarara Hospital Rural Tete Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Songo Hospital Rural Tete Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Ulónguè Hospital Rural Tete Province Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Zumbo Hospital Distrital Tete Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Alto Molocue Hospital Rural Zambézia Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Gile Hospital Distrital Zambézia District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Gurue Hospital Rural Zambézia Rural Шаблон:Coord [17]
Maganja Da Costa Hospital Distrital Zambézia Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Mocuba Hospital Distrital Zambézia Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Morrumbala Hospital Distrital Zambézia Province District Шаблон:Coord [17]
Quelimane Hospital Provincial Zambézia Province Provincial Шаблон:Coord [17]

Шаблон:GeoGroup

References

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  1. ↑ Walt, G., & Melamed, A. (1983). Toward a people's health service. London: Zed Books Шаблон:ISBN.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Azevedo, Mario Joaquim. Historical perspectives on the state of health and health systems in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  12. ↑ Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese oceanic expansion, 1400-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,00 17,01 17,02 17,03 17,04 17,05 17,06 17,07 17,08 17,09 17,10 17,11 17,12 17,13 17,14 17,15 17,16 17,17 17,18 17,19 17,20 17,21 17,22 17,23 17,24 17,25 17,26 17,27 17,28 17,29 17,30 17,31 17,32 17,33 17,34 17,35 17,36 17,37 17,38 17,39 17,40 17,41 17,42 17,43 17,44 17,45 17,46 17,47 17,48 17,49 17,50 17,51 17,52 17,53 17,54 17,55 17,56 17,57 17,58 17,59 17,60 17,61 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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