Английская Википедия:Hebraization of English

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Cleanup rewrite The Hebraization of English (or Hebraicization)^[1]^[2] is the use of the Hebrew alphabet to write English. Because Hebrew uses an abjad, it can render English words in multiple ways. There are many uses for hebraization, which serve as a useful tool for Israeli learners of English by indicating the pronunciation of unfamiliar letters. An example would be the English name spelled "Timothy", which can be Hebraized as "Шаблон:Lang" in the Hebrew alphabet.

Table

Consonants

For full spelling, when a reader is likely to err in the reading of a word, the use of niqqud or partial niqqud is recommended. This is especially true when writing foreign words, unfamiliar words, ambiguous words, or words that take a dagesh.

Single letters
Letter	Variations	Hebrew	English Examples	IPA
a	Шаблон:Center
b	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Bet) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	but, web	b
c	Hard C	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf)	cat, kid, unique	k
c	Soft C	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Samekh), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Sin) (sin not normally used for transliterations) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	city, center, facade	s
d	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Dalet)	do, David	d
e	Шаблон:Center
f	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Fe)	fool, leaf	f
g	Hard G	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Gimel)	go, get, beg	ɡ
	Soft G	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Gimel with geresh)	gym, joy, module	dʒ
	French soft G	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin with geresh)	seizure, massage, vision, equation, déjà vu	ʒ
h	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (He)	hen	h
j	Affricative J	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Gimel with geresh)	job, gentle, education	dʒ
j	Fricative J	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin with geresh)	Jacques, genre, déjà vu	ʒ
k	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf),	car, keep, skill	k
l	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Lamed)	like, cool	l
m	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Mem)	man, mom	m
n	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Nun)	nice, tan	n
o	Шаблон:Center
p	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Pe) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	pen, spin, tip	p
q	Q followed by U	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf-Vav) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	quick, quite	kw
q	Q not followed by U	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf),	tranq, sheqels	k
r	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Reish)	royal, brighter	ɹ,ɚ
s	Voiceless S	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Samekh), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Sin) (sin not normally used for transliterations) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	smile, rocks, caesar	s
	Voiced S (Z sound)	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin)	rose, doɡs, tubs	z
	Voiceless postalveolar S (SH sound)	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	sure, suɡar, ocean, caution	ʃ
	Voiced postalveolar S	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin with geresh)	pleasure, vision	ʒ
t	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tet), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tav) (tav not normally used for transliterations)	two, sting, bet, walked	t
u	Шаблон:Center
v	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav) (at beginning of a word or in the middle, when not next to a vav acting as a vowel [/o/ or /u/]) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew: Vav is doubled in the middle of a word but not at the beginning except if initial affix letter except "and" prefix), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vet) (at end of a word or in the middle, when next to a vav acting as a vowel [/o/ or /u/])	voice, live, of	v
w	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav) (transliterated as a 'v' sound, but often pronounced with 'w' sound though prior knowledge), (full spelling: follows rule for Vav above) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with geresh) (non-standard (indicates 'w' sound), and not used in general transliterations)	we, kuala, persuasion	w
y	Consonant	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Yud) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew: Yud is doubled in the middle of a word for Шаблон:IPA but not at the beginning or after affix letters)	yes, fjord, eureka, onion	j
y	Vowel	Шаблон:Center
x	Z sound	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin)	xylophone, xerox, xeno	z
	KS sound	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf-Samekh) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kaph-Samekh) full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew	fox, text, exit	ks
	EX sound	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph with segol-Kuf with sh'va-Samekh) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) Шаблон:Spaces	X-ray, X’s and O’s	e̞ks
z	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Zayin)	zebra, realize	z
Multiple letters
Letters	Variations	Hebrew	English Examples	IPA
ng	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Nun-Gimel),	thank, anger, song	ŋ
ch	Normal CH	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tsadi with geresh)	chair, nature, cello	tʃ
	K sound	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Chaph) (transliterated as an Шаблон:Audio-nohelp (like German CH below), because a 'ch' making a 'k' sound is from the Greek letter Chi which also makes the /x/ sound.), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Kuf) (indicates 'k' sound, only used for a direct transliteration)	chaos, character, psychology	k
	German CH	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Het) (at beginning of a word), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Chaph) (usually in the middle of a word, always at end of a word)	Scottish loch, chanukah	χ
th	Voiceless dental fricative	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tav) (transliterated as a 't' sound), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tav with geresh) (more accurate (indicates 'th' sound), but not used in general transliterations)	thing, teeth	t~θ~s
th	Voiced dental fricative	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Dalet) (transliterated as a 'd' sound), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Dalet with geresh) (more accurate (indicates 'th' sound), but not used in general transliterations)	this, breathe, father	d~ð~z
sh	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Shin) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	she, flash, chef, crotchet	ʃ
ts	none	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tsadi), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tav-Samekh) (tav-samekh not normally used for transliterations) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Tav-Sin) (tav-sin not normally used for transliterations) (full spelling Шаблон:Script/Hebrew)	pizza, pretzel, tsunami, hats	ts

Final letters

Five letters in Hebrew, Nun, Mem, Tsadi, Pe/Fe, and Kaf, all have final or sofit (Hebrew: סוֹפִית sofit) forms. That means, that the letters' appearances change when they are at the end of words from כ, פ, צ, מ, נ to ך, ף, ץ, ם, ן respectively. Final forms are used in transliteration when appropriate, with the exception of foreign words ending in a [p] sound, which retain the non-final form of פ, such as "קטשופ" ("ketchup").

Vowels and diphthongs

Since vowels are not consistent in English, they are more difficult to transliterate into other languages. Sometimes they are just transcribed by the actual English letter, and other times by its actual pronunciation (which also varies). For the most accurate transliteration, below is a table describing the different vowel sounds and their corresponding letters.

Hebrew has only 5 vowel sounds, with lack of discrimination in Hebrew between long and short vowels. In comparison, English which has around 12 vowel sounds (5 long, 7 short) depending on dialect. As a result, words such as sit/seat (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA), hat/hut (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA), and cop/cope (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA) are transliterated as the Hebrew vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. The English pronunciation can be known through prior context.

Vowels will sometimes be put into Hebrew by their letters, and not by their sounds, even though it is less accurate phonetically. For example, any sort of "a" sound written with the letter "o", (ex. mom, monitor, soft), will often be transliterated as an "o" vowel, that is, with a vav (ו). The same is the case for an -or ending (pronounced -er), it will also often be transliterated with a vav as well. If the word with the "a" sound (such as "a" or "ah"), as in "ta ta", or "spa", it will be treated as an "a".

For full spelling, the niqqud (the "dots") is simply omitted, if partial vowelling is desired, especially for letters like Vav, then the niqqud is retained.

The picture of the "O" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.

Vowels
Letter	Hebrew	English Examples	IPA	IPA after trans.
a	סָ‎ (letter with kamatz), Файл:Hebrew Patah.svg (letter with patah), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Alef with kamatz or patach) (Not part of ordinary Hebrew spelling but sometimes used in transliterations)	run, enough	a/ʌ	ä
	Note for below: This sound (æ) (ex. hat) does not exist in Hebrew. As a result, it is always transliterated as if it were an (a) sound (ex. hut).	mat, hat	æ
	סָ‎ (letter with kamatz), Файл:Hebrew Patah.svg (letter with patah), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Alef with kamatz or patach) (Not part of ordinary Hebrew spelling but sometimes used in transliterations)	mat, hat	æ
	Note for below: These sounds (ɑ/ɒ) (ex. pawn) do not exist in Hebrew. As a result, it is transliterated as if it were an (a) sound (ex. pun).	spa, pot, law	ɑː/ɒː
	סָ‎ (letter with kamatz), Файл:Hebrew Patah.svg (letter with patah), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Alef with kamatz or patach) (Not part of ordinary Hebrew spelling but sometimes used in transliterations)	spa, pot, law	ɑː/ɒː
e	Файл:Hebrew Segol.svg (letter with segol), Файл:Hebrew Zeire.svg (letter with zeire) (more ambiguous)	met, ɡet, enter	e	e̞
i	Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Hiriq.svg (Yud preceded by letter with hirik), Файл:Hebrew Hiriq.svg (letter with hirik) (not used in full spelling)	tiny, key, he, swing	iː	i
	Note for below: This sound (ɪ) (ex. mitt) does not exist in Hebrew. As a result, it is always transliterated as if it were an (i) sound (ex. meet).	tip, myth	ɪ
	Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Hiriq.svg (Yud preceded by letter with hirik), Файл:Hebrew Hiriq.svg (letter with hirik) (not used in full spelling)	tip, myth	ɪ
o	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with holam), סֹ (succeeding letter with cholom) (not used in full spelling)	no, tow, moan, toll	o/əʊ	o̞
	Note for below: These sounds (ɑ/ɒ) (ex. cop) do not exist in Modern Hebrew. As a result, it is transliterated as if it were an (o) sound (ex. cope).	mop, hot, wash, tall, awe, on	ɑː/ɒ/ɔː
	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with holam), סֹ (succeeding letter with cholom) (not used in full spelling)	mop, hot, wash, tall, awe, on	ɑː/ɒ/ɔː
uː	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with shuruk), Файл:Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg (letter with kubutz) (not used in full spelling)	tube, soon, through	uː	u
	Note for below: This sound (ʊ) (ex. look) does not exist in Hebrew. As a result, it is always transliterated as if it were an (u) sound (ex. luke).	look, put, could	ʊ̜/ɯ̽
	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with shuruk), Файл:Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg (letter with kubutz) (not used in full spelling)	look, put, could	ʊ̜/ɯ̽
Diphthongs
ei	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Yud-Yud) (used specifically in transliterations), Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Segol.svg (letter with segol-Yud) (not normally used for transliterations), Файл:Hebrew Zeire.svg (letter with zeire) (not normally used for transliterations, also more ambiguous and used only in certain words)	day, wait, grey	ej	e̞j
ai	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Yud-Yud) (used specifically in transliterations), Шаблон:Script/Hebrewסָ (letter with kamatz-Yud) (not normally used for transliterations), Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Patah.svg (letter with patah-Yud) (not normally used for transliterations)	fine, why	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
oi	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with holam male-Yud)	loin, boy	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
ui	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with shuruk-Yud)	sweep, queen	Шаблон:IPA	uj
ao	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Alef-Vav)	town, mouse, pout	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
yu	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Yud-Vav with shuruk)	cute, arɡue, unit, few, you	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Hiatus
ui	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Vav with shuruk-Alef-Yud with hirik-Yud)	Louie, gooey, chewy	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA

At the beginning or end of a word

The following are special cases for vowels at the beginning or end of a word. "O", "U", or "I" sound different at the beginning of a word, because they have no consonants before them. Therefore, Vav and Yud, by themselves, would be assumed to be their consonant versions ("V" and "Y" respectively) and not their vowel versions.

If the sounds (that is, vowels with no consonants before it) are made in the middle of a word, the same thing is done as shown below (or looking up, replace the "ס" with the aleph).

For full spelling, the niqqud (the "dots") are simply omitted.

At the beginning of a word
Letter	Hebrew	English Examples	IPA	IPA after trans.
o	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph-Vav with holam) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Ayin-Vav with holam) (not normally used for transliterations)	open	o	o̞
u	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph-Vav with shuruk) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Ayin-Vav with shuruk) (not normally used for transliterations)	Uma	u/ʊ	u
i/ee	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph with hiriq-Yud) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Ayin with hiriq-Yud) (not normally used for transliterations) Note: The subsequent yud in both the Aleph-Yud and Ayin-Yud above is only necessary in full spelling.	into, eel	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
ei/ai	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph-Yud-Yud) Шаблон:Spaces	ice, ace, eiɡht	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
a	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph with kamatz), Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph with patach) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew/Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Ayin with kamatz or patach) (not normally used for transliterations)	all, off	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
e	Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph with segol) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Ayin with segol) (not normally used for transliterations) Шаблон:Spaces	Edward	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
At the end of a word
a	Шаблон:Script/Hebrewסָ ‎ (Letter with kamatz-He), Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Patah.svg (Letter with patach-He) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew or Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Aleph or Ayin) (not normally used for transliterations)	cola	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
e	Шаблон:Script/HebrewФайл:Hebrew Segol.svg (Letter with segol-He)	almeh	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA

References

Hebrew Academy

External links

The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.

Шаблон:Hebrew language

[1] Random House Unabridged Dictionary: Hebraize

[2] Random House Unabridged Dictionary: Hebraicize

[1]

[2]

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Английская Википедия:Hebraization of English

Содержание

Table

Consonants

Final letters

Vowels and diphthongs

At the beginning or end of a word

See also

References

External links

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