Английская Википедия:Hebrew punctuation
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Hebrew punctuation Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English and other Western languages, Modern Hebrew having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages in order to avoid the ambiguities sometimes occasioned by the relative lack of such symbols in Biblical Hebrew.
Punctuation
Quotation marks
| Standard | Alternate |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
With most printed Hebrew texts from the early 1970s and before, opening quotation marks are low (as in German), and closing ones are high, often going above the letters themselves (as opposed to the gershayim, which is level with the top of letters). An example of this system is Шаблон:Script/Hebrew.
However, this distinction in Hebrew between opening and closing quotation marks has mostly disappeared, and today, quotations are most often punctuated as they are in English (such as Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), with both quotation marks high. This is due to the advent of the Hebrew keyboard layout, which lacks the opening quotation mark ⟨„⟩, as well as to the lack in Hebrew of “smart quotes” in certain word processing programs.
In addition, the quotation mark is often used for the similar looking but different gershayim mark ⟨Шаблон:Script/Hebrew⟩, as that too is absent from the Hebrew keyboard.
| Standard | Alternative | Names |
|---|---|---|
| "…" | "…" | Шаблон:Transl — Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (plural of Шаблон:Transl — Шаблон:Script/Hebrew); a similar punctuation mark unique to Hebrew is called gershayim — Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
Period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma
Periods (full stops), question marks, exclamation marks, and commas are used as in English.
A Hebrew period in a traditional serif face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark.
In Arabic, which is also written from right to left, the question mark ⟨Шаблон:Lang⟩ is mirrored right-to-left from the Latin question mark. (Some browsers may display the character in the previous sentence as a forward question mark due to font or text directionality issues.) Hebrew is also written right-to-left, but uses a question mark that appears on the page in the same orientation as Latin ⟨?⟩.[1] Note that Hebrew commas are not mirrored - although that was once suggested (together with mirrored semi-colons, 'capital' letters, etc.) by a 19th century British minister called William Withers Ewbank.[2][3]
Colon and Шаблон:Lang
Stemming from Biblical Hebrew, a Шаблон:Lang ⟨ Шаблон:Script/Hebrew ⟩ is the equivalent of a period, and is used in some writings such as prayer books. Since a Шаблон:Lang is absent from the Hebrew keyboard layout, and looks very similar to the colon ⟨:⟩, a colon is often substituted for it.
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C3 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION SOF PASUQ |
| : | U+003A | COLON |
Vertical bar and paseq
| Standard |
|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
The paseq (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) ⟨Шаблон:Script/Hebrew⟩ originates from Biblical Hebrew. As it is not on a standard Hebrew keyboard, a vertical bar ⟨|⟩ is often used instead. However, it is seldom if ever used in modern Israeli Hebrew, and is not mentioned on the Academy of the Hebrew Language's guide to modern Hebrew punctuation.[4] The height of the paseq depends on the font, but it is generally the same as the letter Шаблон:Script/Hebrew.[5]
Like much Biblical Hebrew punctuation, the meaning of the paseq is not known, although a number of hypotheses exist. The word itself means "separator", but this name was a medieval innovation by later Jews; the root Шаблон:Script/Hebrew does not exist in the Biblical Hebrew canon.[5] James Kennedy, an English hebraist, wrote a book about the paseq in which he hypothesized that it was an ancient mark serving the same purpose as the modern word sic (in non-Latin texts).[5] The Westminster Leningrad Codex contains over 500 paseqs; William Wickes, an influential scholar in this area, divide them into nine classes;[6] Wilhelm Gesenius, drawing on Wickes, divided them into five:[7]
- as a divider between two words which end and begin with the same letters, e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Shalom, ma)
- between identical or very similar words, e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (the dancer danced)
- between words which are to a high degree contradictory, e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (God, evil)
- between words otherwise liable to be wrongly connected, e.g. Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, which prevents the somewhat bizarre phrase Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Шаблон:Transl, spoon) Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Шаблон:Transl, queue) from being wrongly read as Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (Шаблон:Transl), meaning button.
- "and lastly, between heterogeneous terms, as Eleazar the High Priest, and Joshua" (Шаблон:Script/HebrewШаблон:Em dashsee context in Шаблон:Tanakhverse)
An example may be found in Шаблон:Bibleverse in the Westminster Leningrad Codex and many other manuscripts:
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script | U+05C0 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION PASEQ |
| | | U+007C | VERTICAL LINE |
Hyphen and maqaf
| Hebrew Шаблон:Lang | Standard English hyphen |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
| Notice how the maqaf aligns with the top horizontal strokes whereas the standard English hyphen is in the middle of the letters. | |
The Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) ⟨Шаблон:Script/Hebrew⟩ is the Hebrew hyphen ⟨-⟩, and has virtually the same purpose for connecting two words as in English. It is different from the hyphen in its positioning (a hyphen is in the middle in terms of height, the Шаблон:Lang is at the top) and it has a biblical origin,[8] unlike many other Modern Hebrew punctuation symbols, which have simply been imported from European languages.
The original purpose of the maqaf was to show that two words should be considered one for the purpose of dagesh placement, vowels, stress (ṭaʿam, Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), and cantillation. This use continues into the present beyond reprintings of Biblical texts;[4] for example, the sheet music for modern Hebrew songs, such as Шаблон:Interlanguage link, are normally printed with them.[9] The Шаблон:Lang is well-used in Hebrew typography; most books and newspapers use it and have the hyphens higher than one would find in English.Шаблон:Citation needed In typed documents, however, it is frequently not used because before the 2010s, it was absent from most keyboards or cumbersome to type. As a consequence, a standard English hyphen ⟨-⟩ is most often used in online writings. This situation can be compared to that of users writing in Latin alphabets using the easily available hyphen-minus ⟨-⟩ over hyphen ⟨‐⟩, minus ⟨−⟩, en dash ⟨–⟩, and em dash ⟨—⟩. As of the 2010's, it is possible to insert the Шаблон:Lang symbol using most common computer, and mobile phone operating systems.
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05be | HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF |
| - | U+002d | HYPHEN-MINUS |
Brackets/parentheses
Brackets or parentheses, ⟨(⟩ and ⟨)⟩ are the same in Hebrew as in English. Since Hebrew is written from right to left, ⟨)⟩ becomes an opening bracket, and ⟨(⟩ a closing bracket, the opposite from English, which is written left to right.
Israeli currency
| With shekel sign | With abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Israeli new shekel | |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
| Israeli pound | |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
The shekel sign (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) is the currency sign for the Israeli currency (the Israeli new shekel), in the way $, £, and € exist for other currencies. The shekel sign, like the dollar sign ⟨$⟩, is usually placed to the left of the number (so Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, rather than Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), but since Hebrew is written from right to left, the symbol is actually written after the number. It is either not separated from the preceding number, or is separated only by a thin space.
Unlike the dollar sign, the new shekel sign is not used that often when handwriting monetary amounts, and is generally replaced by the abbreviation Шаблон:Script/Hebrew (standing for Шаблон:Lang, lit. "new shekel"). The new shekel sign can be typed on desktop Linux and Windows 8 and higher systems using the combination AltGr-4 according to the SI 1452 standard.
The short-lived Israeli old shekel, on the other hand, which symbol was Файл:Old Sheqel sign.svg,[note 1] is rarely referred to in Israeli texts; both due to its lifespan of only five years and the fact that due to hyperinflation it lost value daily, so that referring to a value in Israeli old shekels, even in retrospective writing, is essentially meaningless without knowing the exact time the figure was quoted.[10] As prices changed so rapidly, advertising of the time predominately used dollars;[11] when the shekel was referred to at all, it was with the letter S or its full Hebrew name—Шаблон:Script/Hebrew; although certain banks, such as Bank Leumi, used the letter Шаблон:Script/Hebrew to refer to it on checks, as well as the Latin letters "I.S."[12]
The Israeli pound was the Israeli Currency until 1980. Its sign is I£, and its abbreviation is Шаблон:Script/Hebrew.[12]
Geresh and gershayim
| Geresh | Apostrophe used as a geresh |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
| Gershayim | Quotation marks used as gershayim |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
The geresh ⟨Шаблон:Script/Hebrew⟩, is the Hebrew equivalent of a period in abbreviations (e.g. abbrev.), in addition to being attached to Hebrew letters to indicate sounds like soft g Шаблон:IPAblink and ch Шаблон:IPAblink in foreign names such as Charles (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) and Jake (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew). The gershayim ⟨Шаблон:Script/Hebrew⟩, is a Hebrew symbol indicating that a sequence of characters is an acronym, and is placed before the last character of the word. Owing to a Hebrew keyboard's having neither a geresh nor gershayim, they are usually replaced online with, respectively, the visually similar apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and quotation mark ⟨"⟩. The quotation mark and apostrophe are higher than the geresh and gershayim: where the latter are placed level with the top of Hebrew letters, the apostrophe and quotation marks are above them.
Some Hebrew-specific fonts (fonts designed primarily for Hebrew letters), such as David, Narkisim and FrankRuehl, do not feature the apostrophe and quotation marks as such but use the geresh and gershayim to substitute for them.
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05f3 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05f4 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERSHAYIM |
| ' | U+0027 | APOSTROPHE |
| " | U+0022 | QUOTATION MARK |
Mathematics
Mathematical expressions are written in Hebrew using the same symbols as in English, including Western numerals, which are written left to right. The only variant that exists is an alternative plus sign, which is a plus sign which looks like an inverted capital T. Unicode has this symbol at position U+FB29 "Hebrew letter alternative plus sign" (﬩).[13] The reason for this practice is that it avoids the writing of a symbol "+" that looks like a Christian cross.[14][15]
| Examples of mathematical expressions written in Hebrew | |
| Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Center |
| 6 + [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7 | 6 ﬩ [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7 |
| Mathematical expressions in Hebrew are nearly the same as in English | |
Reversed nun
| 'Examples | |
| Файл:Letter nun.png | Файл:Inverted letter nun 1.png |
| Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Center |
| Файл:Inverted letter nun 2.png | Файл:Inverted letter nun 3.png |
| Шаблон:Center | Шаблон:Center |
Reversed nun (also called inverted nun, nun hafukha, or nun menuzzeret) is a rare character found in two Biblical Hebrew texts.[16] Although in Judaic literature it is known as nun hafukha ("reversed nun"), it does not function as any sort of letter in the text.[16] It is not part of a word, and it is not read aloud in any way. It is simply a mark that is written, and is therefore a punctuation mark, not a letter. Also, it is surrounded by space.[16]
While it depends on the particular manuscript or printed edition, it is found in nine places: twice in the Book of Numbers (prior to and after Numbers 10:34-36), and seven times in Psalm 107.[16] It is uncertain today what it was intended to signify.[16]
In many manuscripts, it does not even resemble a transformed nun at all, and when it does, it sometimes appears reversed (as mentioned above), sometimes inverted, and sometimes turned through 180°.[16] Other times it appears to look like the letter Z.[16]
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C6 | HEBREW PUNCTUATION NUN HAFUKHA |
Hebrew points (vowels)
| With vowel points | Without vowel points |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | Шаблон:Script/Hebrew |
These signs (points, Шаблон:Lang) indicate voweling or some other aspects of the pronunciation of a letter or word. While in Modern Hebrew they are not generally used outside poetry and children's books, a vowel point or other diacritic is occasionally added to resolve ambiguity.
One of these Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang, is no longer used in Hebrew, even though it is routinely used in Yiddish spelling (as defined by YIVO).
| Glyph | Unicode | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B0 | SHEVA |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B1 | HATEF SEGOL |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B2 | HATEF PATAH |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B3 | HATEF QAMATS |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B4 | HIRIQ |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B5 | TSERE |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B6 | SEGOL |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B7 | PATAH |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B8 | QAMATS |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05B9 | HOLAM (HASER) |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05BB | QUBUTS |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05BC | DAGESH, MAPIQ, OR SHURUQ |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05BD | METEG |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05BF | RAFE |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C1 | SHIN DOT |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C2 | SIN DOT |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C4 | MARK UPPER DOT |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | U+05C5 | MARK LOWER DOT |
Hebrew cantillation marks
| Шаблон:Center | |
| Шаблон:Center | |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | |
| Шаблон:Center | |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | |
| Шаблон:Center | |
| Шаблон:Script/Hebrew | |
The cantillation marks (Шаблон:Lang-he Шаблон:Transl) have a very specialized use. They are only found in printed Hebrew texts of Tanakh to be used as a guide for chanting the text, either from the printed text or, in the case of the public reading of the Torah, to be memorized along with vowel marks as the Sefer Torah includes only the letters of the text without cantillation or vowel marks. Outside the Tanakh, the cantillation marks are not used in modern spoken or written Hebrew at all. The cantillation marks provide a structure to sentences of Tanakh similar to that provided by punctuation marks.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 143. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite GHG
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 – Fortress Press) Шаблон:ISBN "In Israel the plus sign used in mathematics is represented by a horizontal stroke with a vertical hook instead of the sign otherwise used all over the world, because the latter is reminiscent of a cross." (Page 96)
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 Шаблон:Cite web
