Английская Википедия:Heian Palace
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-move
The Шаблон:Nihongo was the original imperial palace of Шаблон:Lang (present-day Kyoto), then the capital of Japan. Both the palace and the city were constructed in the late 700s and were patterned on Chinese models and designs. The palace served as the imperial residence and the administrative centre for most of the Heian period (794–1185).
Located in the north-central section of the city, the palace consisted of a large, walled, rectangular Greater Palace (the Шаблон:Lang), which contained several ceremonial and administrative buildings including the government ministries. Inside this enclosure was the separately walled residential compound of the emperor, or the Inner Palace (Шаблон:Lang). In addition to the emperor's living quarters, the Inner Palace contained the residences of the imperial consorts and buildings more closely linked to the person of the emperor.
The original role of the palace was to manifest the centralised government model adopted by Japan from China in the 7th century – known as the Шаблон:Lang system, where the bureaucracy under the emperor was headed by the great council of state (Шаблон:Lang) and its subsidiary Eight Ministries. The palace was designed to provide an appropriate setting for the emperor's residence, the conduct of great affairs of state, and the accompanying ceremonies. While the residential function of the palace continued until the 12th century, the facilities built for grand state ceremonies began to fall into disuse by the 9th century. This was due to both the abandonment of several statutory ceremonies and procedures and the transfer of several remaining ceremonies into the smaller-scale setting of the Inner Palace.
From the mid-Heian period, the palace suffered several fires and other disasters. During reconstructions, emperors and some of the office functions resided outside the palace. This, along with the general loss of political power of the court, acted to further diminish the importance of the palace as the administrative centre. In 1227 the palace burned down and was never rebuilt. The site was built over so that almost no trace of it remains. Knowledge of the palace is thus based on contemporary literary sources, surviving diagrams and paintings, and limited excavations.
Location
The palace was located at the northern centre of the rectangular city Шаблон:Lang, following the Chinese model of the Tang dynasty capital of Шаблон:Lang. The model had been adopted already for the Heijō Palace in the earlier capital Шаблон:Lang (in present-day Шаблон:Lang) and the short-lived interim capital of Шаблон:Lang.
The main entrance to the palace was the gate Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Coord), which formed the northern terminus of the great Suzaku Avenue, which ran through the centre of the city from the gate Шаблон:Lang. The palace thus faced south and presided over the symmetrical urban plan of Шаблон:Lang. In addition to the Шаблон:Lang, the palace had 13 other gates located symmetrically along the side walls. A major avenue led to each of the gates, except for the three along the northern side of the palace, which was coterminous with the northern boundary of the city.Шаблон:Sfn
The south-eastern corner of the Greater Palace was located in the middle of the present-day Nijō Castle.
History
Early history
Less than ten years after a presumably politically motivated move of the capital from Шаблон:Nihongo (on the site of present-day Nara) to Шаблон:Nihongo (approx. 10 kilometers to the south-west of Kyoto), Emperor Kanmu decided to move the capital again, likely due to frequent flooding of the Nagaoka-kyō site. In 794 the court moved into this new capital of Шаблон:Lang, where it was to stay for more than 1000 years. The palace was the first and most important structure to be erected at the new capital, but it was not completely ready by the time of the move; the Шаблон:Nihongo was completed in 795, and the government office in charge of its construction was disbanded in 805,Шаблон:Sfn though work on the place was still incomplete. Construction of the palace and imperial family residences was a major expenditure for Kanmu's administration, accounting for the majority of revenues gathered during his reign, according to a 10th-century source.Шаблон:Sfn The powerful immigrant Hata family may have influenced and financially supported the decision to move the capital to Heian-kyō, closer to its power base. Later sources claim that the new imperial residence occupied the site of a former Hata leader's residence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Two of the most important official sections of the palace complex, the grand Chinese-style Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo, started to fall into disuse quite early on. This paralleled the decline of the elaborate Chinese-inspired Шаблон:Lang government processes and bureaucracy, many of which were gradually either abandoned or reduced to empty forms while de facto decision making moved into the hands of most powerful families (in particular the Fujiwara) and new extralegal offices (such as Шаблон:Nihongo, see below).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Pertly as the consequence of these developments the real administrative centre of the complex moved gradually to the emperors residential Inner Palace, or Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
As activity was concentrated in the Шаблон:Lang, other sections of the Greater Palace began to be regarded as increasingly unsafe, especially by night. One reason may be the prevalent superstition of the period: uninhabited buildings were avoided for fear of spirits and ghosts, and even the great Шаблон:Lang compound was thought to be haunted. In addition, the level of security maintained at the palace went into decline, and by the early 11th century only one palace gate, the Шаблон:Lang in the east, appears to have been guarded. Hence burglary and even violent crime became a problem within the palace by the first half of 11th century.Шаблон:Sfn
Decreasing use
Fires were a constant problem as the palace compound was constructed almost entirely of wood. The Шаблон:Lang was destroyed by a fire in 1063 and was never rebuilt. The Шаблон:Lang was reconstructed after fires in 876, 1068 and in 1156 despite its limited use. After the major fire of 1177 destroyed much of the Greater Palace, the Шаблон:Lang was never rebuilt.Шаблон:Sfn
Starting in 960, the Шаблон:Lang was also repeatedly destroyed by fires, but it was always rebuilt, and it continued to be used as the official imperial residence until the late 12th century.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian William H. McCullough, the Dairi fires were frequent enough that arson is "generally assumed".Шаблон:Sfn During the periods of rebuilding, the emperors frequently had to stay at their Шаблон:Nihongo within the city. Often these secondary palaces were provided by the powerful Шаблон:Lang family, which especially in the latter part of the Heian period exercised de facto control of politics by providing consorts to successive emperors. Thus the residences of the emperors' maternal grandparents started to usurp the residential role of the palace even before the end of the Heian period. The institution of rule by retired emperors, or the insei system (Шаблон:Nihongo), from 1086 further added to the declining importance of the palace, as retired emperors exercised power from their own residential palaces inside and outside the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Late history
In the aftermath of the 1156 Hōgen rebellion, Emperor Go-Shirakawa ordered the rebuilding of portions of the palace as part of an effort to reclaim more power to the emperor and restart some ceremonial practices.Шаблон:Sfn Go-Shirakawa soon abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Nijo, and both were attacked and held captive in the palace during the Heiji rebellion. They escaped a few weeks later, and forces loyal to them retook the palace and ended the rebellion.Шаблон:Sfn
After a fire in 1177, the original palace complex was abandoned and emperors resided in smaller palaces (the former Шаблон:Lang) within the city and villas outside it. In 1227 a fire destroyed what remained of the Шаблон:Lang, and the old Greater Palace went into essentially complete disuse. In 1334 Emperor Go-Daigo issued an edict to rebuild the Greater Palace, but no resources were available to support this and the project was not completed.Шаблон:Sfn
Though the Heian palace fell into total disuse, Heian-kyō remained the capital until 1868, with the name Kyoto (meaning capital city) applied to it starting in the eleventh century.Шаблон:Sfn The present Kyoto Imperial Palace is located immediately to the west of the site of the Шаблон:Nihongo, the Шаблон:Lang residence in the north-eastern corner of the city that increasingly functioned as a temporary imperial residence and eventually developed into new permanent palace.Шаблон:Sfn The ruined site of Шаблон:Lang (the government department responsible for worship of the native kami) is the longest-surviving known part of the Heian palace and apparently remained in some use until 1585.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Primary sources
While the palace itself has been completely destroyed, a significant amount of information regarding it has been obtained from contemporary and almost contemporary sources. The Heian Palace figures as a setting in many Heian period literary texts, both fiction and non-fiction. These provide important information on the palace itself, court ceremonies and functions held there and everyday routines of the courtiers living or working there. Notable examples include the Tale of Genji by Шаблон:Lang, the so-called Pillow Book by Шаблон:Lang and the chronicles Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, paintings in certain Шаблон:Lang picture scrolls depict (sometimes fictional) scenes that took place at the palace and similar aristocratic dwellings; the Genji Monogatari Emaki, dating from about 1130, is perhaps the best-known example.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There are also partially damaged maps of the palace from the 10th and 12th centuries showing the layout and function of the buildings within the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Modern archaeological study of the palace site has been hampered by the development of urban Kyoto over the palace ground ruins, but a few parts have been excavated, including the Burakuden.Шаблон:Sfn
Greater Palace (Шаблон:Lang)
The Шаблон:Lang was a walled rectangular area extending approximately Шаблон:Convert from north to south between the first and second major east–west avenues Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Convert from west to east between the Шаблон:Nihongo and Шаблон:Nihongo north-south avenues.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The three main structures within the Greater Palace were the Шаблон:Nihongo, the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
The Шаблон:Lang was a rectangular walled enclosure situated directly to the north of the Шаблон:Lang gate in the centre of the southern wall of the Greater Palace.Шаблон:Sfn It was based on Chinese models and followed Chinese architectural styles. Archaeological evidence from earlier capital palaces shows a generally stable design from the 7th century onwards. It was also called the Шаблон:Nihongo as the corresponding compounds of the earlier Naniwa-kyō and Nagaoka-kyō palaces, which had eight halls in the central courtyard; however, as the Heian Palace compound had 12 halls, the traditional name was somewhat misleading, and the more accurate Шаблон:Nihongo was also used.Шаблон:Sfn
Originally the Шаблон:Lang was intended as the setting where the emperor was to preside over regular early morning deliberations on major state affairs by the bureaucracy, receive monthly reports from officials, hold New Year congratulations and receive foreign ambassadors.Шаблон:Sfn However, the practice of the morning deliberations ceased by 810Шаблон:Sfn as did the monthly reports. Foreign ambassadors were no longer received for most of the Heian period, and the New Year celebrations were abbreviated and moved into the Шаблон:Lang by the end of the 10th century, leaving the Accession Audiences (where the accession of a new emperor was proclaimed to the wider officialdom) and certain Buddhist ceremonials as the only ones held in the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
The main building within the Шаблон:Lang was the Шаблон:Nihongo, which faced south from the northern end of the compound. This was a large (approximately 52 m (170 ft) east to west and 20 m (65 ft) north to southШаблон:Sfn) Chinese-style building with white walls, vermilion pillars and green tiled roofs, intended for most important state ceremonies and functions. The smaller southern section of the Шаблон:Lang consisted of waiting rooms for senior officials, while the largest middle section of the compound was occupied by a courtyard surrounded symmetrically by the Twelve Halls, where the bureaucracy assembled for court ceremonies and was seated according to strict order of precedence. The Шаблон:Lang shrine in Kyoto includes an apparently faithful reconstruction of the Шаблон:Lang in somewhat reduced scale.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
The Шаблон:Lang was another large rectangular Chinese-style compound, situated to the west of the Шаблон:Lang. It was built for official celebrations and banquets and used also for other types of entertainment such as archery contests.Шаблон:Sfn Like the Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang had a hall at the central northern end of the enclosure overseeing the court. This hall, the Шаблон:Nihongo, was used by the emperor and courtiers presiding over activities in the Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang also fell gradually into disuse as many functions were moved to the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn It was destroyed in at 1063 and not rebuilt.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike most of the palace, the Buraku-in site was subjected to some archaeological excavations in the twentieth century.Шаблон:Sfn
Other Greater Palace buildings
Apart from the Inner Palace, the remaining area of the Greater Palace was occupied by ministries, lesser offices, workshops, storage buildings and the large open space of the Шаблон:Nihongo to the west of the Шаблон:Lang. The buildings of the Шаблон:Nihongo were situated in a walled enclosure immediately to the east of the Шаблон:Lang, laid out in the typical symmetrical plan of buildings opening to a courtyard in the south. The Шаблон:Nihongo was built right next to the Inner Palace and used for ceremonies held on the emperor's behalf.Шаблон:Sfn Apart from Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, it was the only Buddhist establishment permitted within the capital.Шаблон:Sfn Permission to build it inside the palace, granted in 834, shows the influence of the Shingon sect during the early Heian Period.Шаблон:Sfn
Inner Palace (Шаблон:Lang)
The Шаблон:Lang, or Inner Palace, was located to the north-east of the Шаблон:Lang somewhat to the east of the central north-south axis of the Greater Palace. Its central feature was the Throne Hall. The Шаблон:Lang encompassed the emperor's living quarters and the pavilions of the imperial consorts and ladies-in-waiting (collectively, the Шаблон:Lang). It was enclosed within two sets of walls. In addition to the Шаблон:Lang itself, the outer walls enclosed some household offices, storage areas, and the Шаблон:Nihongo—a walled area of Shinto buildings associated with the emperor's religious functions, situated to the west of the Шаблон:Lang itself, at the geographic centre of the Greater Palace. The formal entrance to the larger enclosure was the gate Шаблон:Nihongo, located directly south of the Dairi.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Lang proper, the residential compound of the emperor, was enclosed within another set of walls to the east of the Шаблон:Lang. It measured approximately 215 m (710 ft) north to south and 170 m (560 ft) east to west.Шаблон:Sfn The main gate was the Шаблон:Nihongo at the centre of the southern wall of the Шаблон:Lang enclosure, immediately to the north of the Шаблон:Lang gate.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast to the solemn, official, Chinese-style architecture of the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang was built in a more intimate Japanese architectural style—though still on a grand scale. The Inner Palace represented a variant of the shinden-style architecture used in the aristocratic villas and houses of the period. The buildings, with unpainted surfaces and gabled and shingled cypress bark roofs, were raised on elevated wooden platforms and connected to each other with covered and uncovered slightly elevated passages. Between the buildings and passages were gravel yards and small gardens.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
The largest building of the Шаблон:Lang was the Шаблон:Nihongo, a building reserved for official functions. It was a rectangular hall measuring approximately 30 m (98 ft) east to west and 25 m (82 ft) north to south.Шаблон:Sfn Along with its accompanying rectangular courtyard, the Shishinden was situated along the median north-south axis of the Шаблон:Lang, facing the Шаблон:Lang gate. A Шаблон:Lang orange tree and a cherry tree stood symmetrically on both sides of the front staircase of the building.Шаблон:Sfn The courtyard was flanked on both sides by smaller halls connected to the Шаблон:Lang, creating the same configuration of buildings (influenced by Chinese examples) that was found in the aristocratic Шаблон:Lang-style villas of the period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Lang was used for official functions and ceremonies that were not held at the Шаблон:Lang of the Шаблон:Lang complex. It took over much of the intended use of the larger and more formal building from an early date, as the daily business of government ceased to be conducted in the presence of the emperor in the Шаблон:Lang already at the beginning of the ninth century.Шаблон:Sfn Connected to this diminishing reliance on the official government procedures described in the Шаблон:Lang code was the establishment of a personal secretariat to the emperor, the Шаблон:Nihongo. This office, which increasingly took over the role of coordinating the work of government organs, was set up in the Шаблон:Nihongo, the hall to the south-west of the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn
Residences
To the north of the Шаблон:Lang stood the Шаблон:Nihongo, a similarly constructed hall of somewhat smaller size that was originally intended to function as the emperor's living quarters. Beginning in the ninth century, the emperors often chose to reside in other buildings of the Шаблон:Lang. A third smaller hall, the Шаблон:Nihongo was located next to the north along the main axis of the Шаблон:Lang. It faced a garden in the north and was used for flower-viewing and other banquets before becoming residential space for imperial consorts in the 10th century. It also housed the editorial team of the first imperial waka poetry collection Kokinshū.Шаблон:Sfn
After the Шаблон:Lang was rebuilt following a fire in 960, the regular residence of the emperors moved to the smaller Шаблон:Nihongo,Шаблон:Sfn an east-facing building located immediately to the north-west from Шаблон:Lang. Gradually the Шаблон:Lang began to be used increasingly for meetings as well, with emperors spending much of their time in this part of the palace.Шаблон:Sfn The busiest part of the building was the Шаблон:Nihongo, where high-ranking nobles came to meet in the presence of the emperor.Шаблон:Sfn
Other Inner Palace buildings
The empress and other official and unofficial imperial consorts were also housed in the Шаблон:Lang, occupying buildings in the northern part of the enclosure. The most prestigious buildings, housing the empress and the official consorts, were the ones that had appropriate locations for such use according to the Chinese design principles – the Шаблон:Nihongo, the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo – as well as the ones closest to the imperial residence in the Шаблон:Lang (the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo). Lesser consorts and ladies-in-waiting as well as occasionally some of the crown prince's consorts occupied other buildings of the Шаблон:Lang further away from the emperor's quarters, i.e., towards north-east. A famous fictional depiction of the spatial status hierarchy concerns the eponymous character's low-ranking mother in The Tale of Genji. However, such distinctions were apparently not always strict.Шаблон:Sfn
One of the Imperial Regalia of Japan, the emperor's replica of the sacred mirror, was housed in the Шаблон:Nihongo of the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The present-day Kyoto Imperial Palace, located in what was the north-eastern corner of Шаблон:Lang, reproduces much of the Heian-period Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation Mainly Japanese with English summary
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation. Originally published in 1964.
- Шаблон:Citation. A reissue of the 1931 ed. published in Hong Kong, with some new illus. and minor changes, under title: Kyoto: its history and vicissitudes since its foundation in 792 to 1868. First published in article form 1925–28.
- Шаблон:Citation
Further reading
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation. The main Japanese reference work on the Palace according to Шаблон:Harvnb. First volume of a ten-volume general history of Kyoto.
- Шаблон:Citation
External links
- Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- Japanese page with interactive map of the Palace
- Page with detailed description of shinden style buildings
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