Английская Википедия:Heike Tsuruginomaki
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Heike Tsuruginomaki (平家剣巻 "Heike Sword Scroll"), also called Heike Monogatari Tsuruginomaki (平家物語剣巻) is a Japanese gunki monogatari.
Overview
Passed down in top secret among the biwa hōshi—blind monks who played The Tale of the Heike on the biwa lute—the scroll is meant to take place in the eleventh book of the Tale, following the chapter "The Sacred Mirror Enters the Capital" (内侍所都入) and in place typically occupied by a short chapter similarly entitled "Swords" (剣).Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm
The common version of the "Swords" text collects anecdotes (setsuwa) about the sword Kusanagi, one of the imperial regalia, which had been lost at the Battle of Dannoura, and alleges that the great serpent Yamata no Orochi, slain in ages past by the storm god Susanoo no Mikoto who then retrieved the sword from the serpent's corpse, had taken the form of the boy emperor Antoku and reclaimed the sword.Шаблон:Sfnm (This version of the text is believed to have a strong connection to Book V of the Gukanshō, which includes a passage describing Emperor Antoku as a transformed daughter of the Dragon King who had returned to her home beneath the sea.Шаблон:Sfnm)
The expanded scroll adds further anecdotes about the prized swords of the Minamoto lineage, their virtuous power, and their names, resulting in a much larger, 120-verse text that appears in two parts, the upper and the lower (つるぎのまき・上下).Шаблон:Sfnm Other additions include a discussion of the origins of the other two imperial regalia.Шаблон:Sfnm These kinds of expansions led to the text being treated increasingly as an independent work from the rest of the Tale, such as in the Yashiro-bon manuscript (屋代本平家物語 Yashiro-bon Heike Monogatari), which gives Tsuruginomaki its own volume: most texts of the Tale include the shorter chapter, with the title "Swords" (剣 Tsurugi), in Book XI, but the Yashiro-bon text includes both a chapter in Book XI entitled "Regarding the Treasured Sword" (宝剣事 Hōken no Koto) and a separate Tsuruginomaki, whose contents contradict each other.Шаблон:Sfnm
The Heike Monogatari Tsuruginomaki in the holdings of the Шаблон:Illm differs again from the Heike Tsuruginomaki that was included as an appendix to the Yashiro-bon text.Шаблон:Sfnm At the end of Part 2 of the Shōkōkan text is a reference to the inheritors of two swords being the houses of Nitta and Ashikaga, which led Yamada Yoshio to theorize that it was an addition made during the time of the rivalry between these two clans.Шаблон:Sfnm This theory would mean that the version of Tsuruginomaki that did not include this later addition must have existed by the end of the Kamakura period in the 1330s.Шаблон:Sfnm
Content
Tada Mitsunaka, ancestor of the Шаблон:Illm, at one time commissioned two swords, Шаблон:Illm ("Beard-Cutter") and Шаблон:Illm ("Knee-maru") of a certain Chinese swordsmith.Шаблон:Sfnm These were passed down to Mitsunaka's son Yorimitsu, who, having slain an oni (ogre) and a monstrous giant spider called a yama-gumo ("mountain spider"), renamed them Onimaru (鬼丸, "Ogre-maru") and Kumogiri (蜘蛛切, "Spider-Cutter"), respectively.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm
Thereafter, the swords were passed down to Шаблон:Illm, Yoriyoshi, and Yoshiie, who put them to good use in the Former Nine Years' War and the Later Three Years' War.Шаблон:Sfnm During the time of Yoshiie's son Tameyoshi, Onimaru was renamed Shishinoko (獅子の子, "Lion's Child") and Kumogiri was renamed Hoemaru (吠丸, "Howl-maru").Шаблон:Sfnm He bequeathed Hoemaru to his son-in-law, the steward of the Kumano shrines (ja), and, after changing Shishinoko's name again to Tomogiri (友切, "Friend-Cutter"), bequeathed it to his son Yoshitomo.Шаблон:Sfnm
Tomogiri was passed to Yoritomo following Yoshitomo's defeat in the Heiji rebellion, and Yoritomo changed its name back to Higekiri based on a revelatory dream.Шаблон:Sfnm He deposited the sword in the Atsuta Shrine, but took it up again after receiving Prince Takakura's call to arms, and thanks to the power of this sword he was eventually able to subdue the whole country.Шаблон:Sfnm Hoemaru, on the other hand, had been dedicated to the Шаблон:Illm, but passed into the hands of Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Yoritomo's younger brother, through Шаблон:Illm, the 21st steward.Шаблон:Sfnm Renaming it Usumidori (薄緑, "Pale Green"), by the power of this sword Yoshitsune was able wipe out the Taira clan at the Battle of Dannoura.Шаблон:Sfnm
Of the two swords passed down since the Age of the Gods, Ame-no-Murakumo (天の村雲) and Ame-no-Haegiri (天のはえ切), Ame-no-Haegiri was stored in Furu Shrine (布留の社), but Ame-no-Murakumo, which Susanoo no Mikoto retrieved from the tail of Yamata no Orochi after slaying it, became one of the imperial regalia after being passed to Susanoo's sister, the sun goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami.Шаблон:Sfnm Prince Yamatotakeru no Mikoto, during his subjugation of the "eastern barbarians", used this sword to cut down the long grass in order to escape from a burning field, and thereafter the sword became known as Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi, or "Grass-Cutter".Шаблон:Sfnm However, it was lost in the ocean during the Taira's defeat at Dannoura.Шаблон:Sfnm
Yoshitsune, seeking a reconciliation with his estranged brother Yoritomo, presented Usumidori to the Шаблон:Illm, and the steward of Hakone (箱根別当 Hakone bettō) passed it on to Шаблон:Illm, and following the Soga brothers' vendetta killing (see Soga Monogatari) they presented the sword to Yoritomo in the hope of forgiveness.Шаблон:Sfnm In this fashion did the two swords that were forged for the Minamoto clan both find their way back into the possession of their original lineage.Шаблон:Sfnm
Textual tradition
There are two other texts that, apart from their inclusion of Chinese narratives at the beginning, are clearly related to this text.Шаблон:Sfnm One is the Tsuruginomaki (剣巻) included at the front of the Taiheiki, and the other is an illustrated printed book dating to 1653, also called Tsuruginomaki (つるぎのまき).Шаблон:Sfnm
Influence
Alongside the much earlier Nihon Shoki and the later Noh play Tsuchigumo, Heike Tsuruginomaki is an important source for the popular Japanese image of a ferocious "earth spider" known as a tsuchigumo.Шаблон:Sfnm
Notes
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References
Citations
Works cited
