Английская Википедия:Heinkel He 111
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
The Heinkel He 111 is a German airliner and bomber designed by Siegfried and Walter Günter at Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in 1934. Through development, it was described as a "wolf in sheep's clothing". Due to restrictions placed on Germany after the First World War prohibiting bombers, it was presented solely as a civil airliner, although from conception the design was intended to provide the nascent Luftwaffe with a heavy bomber.[1]
Perhaps the best-recognised German bomber of World War II due to the distinctive, extensively glazed "greenhouse" nose of the later versions, the Heinkel He 111 was the most numerous Luftwaffe bomber during the early stages of the war. It fared well until it met serious fighter opposition during the Battle of Britain, when its defensive armament was found to be inadequate.[1] As the war progressed, the He 111 was used in a wide variety of roles on every front in the European theatre. It was used as a strategic bomber during the Battle of Britain, a torpedo bomber in the Atlantic and Arctic, and a medium bomber and a transport aircraft on the Western, Eastern, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and North African Front theatres.
The He 111 was constantly upgraded and modified, but had nonetheless become obsolete by the latter part of the war. The failure of the German Bomber B project forced the Luftwaffe to continue operating the He 111 in combat roles until the end of the war. Manufacture of the He 111 ceased in September 1944, at which point piston-engine bomber production was largely halted in favour of fighter aircraft. With the German bomber force virtually defunct, the He 111 was used for logistics.[1]
Production of the Heinkel continued after the war as the Spanish-built CASA 2.111. Spain received a batch of He 111H-16s in 1943 along with an agreement to licence-build Spanish versions. Its airframe was produced in Spain under licence by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA. The design differed significantly only in the powerplant used, eventually being equipped with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. These remained in service until 1973.
Design and development
Design conception
After its defeat in World War I, Germany was banned from operating an air force by the Treaty of Versailles. German re-armament began earnestly in the 1930s and was initially kept secret because the project violated the treaty. Early development work on bombers was disguised as a development program for civilian transport aircraft.[2]
Among the designers seeking to benefit from German re-armament was Ernst Heinkel. Heinkel decided to create the world's fastest passenger aircraft, a goal met with scepticism by Germany's aircraft industry and political leadership. Heinkel entrusted development to Siegfried and Walter Günter, both fairly new to the company and untested.[2]
In June 1933 Albert Kesselring visited Heinkel's offices.[2] Kesselring was head of the Luftwaffe Administration Office: at that point Germany did not have a State Aviation Ministry but only an aviation commissariat, the Luftfahrtkommissariat.[2] Kesselring was hoping to build a new air force out of the Flying Corps being constructed in the Reichswehr, and required modern aircraft.[2] Kesselring convinced Heinkel to move his factory from Warnemünde to Rostock – with its factory airfield in the coastal "Marienehe" region of Rostock (today "Rostock-Schmarl") and bring in mass production, with a force of 3,000 employees. Heinkel began work on the new design, which garnered urgency as the American Lockheed 12, Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2 began to appear.[2]
Features of the He 111 were apparent in the Heinkel He 70. The first single-engined He 70 Blitz ("Lightning") rolled off the line in 1932 and immediately started breaking records. In the normal four-passenger version its speed reached Шаблон:Cvt when powered by a Шаблон:Cvt BMW VI engine.[3] The He 70 had an elliptical wing, which the Günther brothers had already used in the Bäumer Sausewind before joining Heinkel. This wing design became a feature in this and many subsequent designs they developed. The He 70 drew the interest of the Luftwaffe, which was looking for an aircraft with both bomber and transport capabilities.[4]
The He 111 was a twin-engine version of the Blitz, preserving the elliptical inverted gull wing, small rounded control surfaces and BMW engines, so that the new design was often called the Doppel-Blitz ("Double Lightning"). When the Dornier Do 17 displaced the He 70, Heinkel needed a twin-engine design to match its competitors.[3] Heinkel spent 200,000-man hours designing the He 111.[5] The fuselage was lengthened to Шаблон:Cvt from Шаблон:Cvt and wingspan increased to Шаблон:Cvt from Шаблон:Cvt.[3]
First flight
The first He 111 flew on 24 February 1935, piloted by chief test pilot Gerhard Nitschke, who was ordered not to land at the company's factory airfield at Rostock-Marienehe (today's Rostock-Schmarl neighbourhood), as this was considered too short, but at the central Erprobungstelle Rechlin test facility. He ignored these orders and landed back at Marienehe. He said that the He 111 performed slow manoeuvres well and that there was no danger of overshooting the runway.[6][7] Nitschke also praised its high speed "for the period" and "very good-natured flight and landing characteristics", stable during cruising, gradual descent and single-engined flight and having no nose-drop when the undercarriage was operated.[8] During the second test flight Nitschke revealed there was insufficient longitudinal stability during climb and flight at full power and the aileron controls required an unsatisfactory amount of force.[8]
By the end of 1935, prototypes V2 and V4 had been produced under civilian registrations D-ALIX, D-ALES and D-AHAO. D-ALES became the first prototype of the He 111A-1 on 10 January 1936 and received recognition as the "fastest passenger aircraft in the world", as its speed exceeded Шаблон:Cvt.[9] The design would have achieved a greater total speed had the Шаблон:Cvt DB 600 inverted-V12 engine that powered the Messerschmitt Bf 109s tenth through thirteenth prototypes been available.[4] Heinkel was forced initially to use the Шаблон:Cvt BMW VI "upright" V12 liquid-cooled engine.[7]
During the war, British test pilot Eric Brown evaluated many Luftwaffe aircraft. Among them was an He 111H-1 of Kampfgeschwader 26 Löwengeschwader (Lions Wing) which was forced to land at the Firth of Forth on 9 February 1940. Brown described his impression of the He 111s unique greenhouse nose,
The overall impression of space within the cockpit area and the great degree of visual sighting afforded by the Plexiglas panelling were regarded as positive factors, with one important provision in relation to weather conditions. Should either bright sunshine or rainstorms be encountered, the pilot's visibility could be dangerously compromised either by glare throwback or lack of good sighting.[10]
Taxiing was easy and was only complicated by rain, when the pilot needed to slide back the window panel and look out to establish direction. On take off, Brown reported very little "swing" and the aircraft was well balanced. On landing, Brown noted that approach speed should be above Шаблон:Cvt and should be held until touchdown. This was to avoid a tendency by the He 111 to drop a wing, especially on the port side.[10]
Competition
In the mid-1930s, Dornier Flugzeugwerke and Junkers competed with Heinkel for Ministry of Aviation (German: Reichsluftfahrtministerium, abbreviated RLM) contracts. The main competitor to the Heinkel was the Junkers Ju 86. In 1935, comparison trials were undertaken with the He 111. At this point, the Heinkel was equipped with two BMW VI engines while Ju 86A was equipped with two Jumo 205Cs, both of which had Шаблон:Cvt. The He 111 had a slightly heavier takeoff weight of Шаблон:Cvt compared to the Ju 86's Шаблон:Cvt and the maximum speed of both aircraft was Шаблон:Cvt.[8] The Ju 86 had a higher cruising speed of Шаблон:Cvt, Шаблон:Cvt faster than the He 111. This stalemate was altered drastically by the appearance of the DB 600C, which increased the He 111's power by Шаблон:Cvt.[8] The Ministry of Aviation awarded both contracts. Junkers sped up development and production at a breathtaking pace, but their financial expenditure was huge. In 1934–1935, 3,800,000 RM (4½% of annual turnover) was spent. The Ju 86 appeared at many flight displays all over the world which helped sales to the Ministry of Aviation and abroad. Dornier, which was also competing with their Do 17, and Heinkel were not as successful. In production terms, the He 111 was more prominent with 8,000 examples produced[8] against just 846 Ju 86s,[5] and was therefore the Luftwaffe's most numerous type at the beginning of the Second World War.[8]
Basic design
The design of the He 111 A-L initially had a conventional stepped cockpit, with a pair of windscreen-like panels for the pilot and co-pilot. The He 111P and subsequent production variants were fitted with fully glazed cockpits and a laterally asymmetric nose, with the port side having the greater curvature for the pilot, offsetting the bombardier to starboard. The resulting stepless cockpit, which was a feature on a number of German bomber designs during the war years in varying shapes and formats, no longer had the separate windscreen panels for the pilot. Pilots had to look outside through the same bullet-like glazing that was used by the bombardier and navigator. The pilot was seated on the left and the navigator/bomb aimer on the right. The navigator went forward to the prone bomb-aiming position or could tilt his chair to one side, to move into the rear of the aircraft. There was no cockpit floor below the pilot's feet—the rudder pedals being on arms—giving very good visibility below.[11] Sliding and removable panels were manufactured into the nose glazing to allow the pilot, navigator and or bomb aimer to exit the aircraft quickly, without a time-consuming retreat into the fuselage.[12]
The fuselage contained two major bulkheads, with the cockpit at the front of the first bulkhead. The nose was fitted with a rotating machine gun mount, offset to allow the pilot a better field of forward vision. The cockpit was fully glazed, with the exception of the lower right section, which acted as a platform for the bombardier-gunner. The commonly-used Lotfernrohr-series bombsight penetrated through the cockpit floor into a protective housing on the outside of the cockpit.[11]
Between the forward and rear bulkhead was the bomb bay, which was constructed with a double-frame to strengthen it for carrying the bomb load. The space between the bomb bay and rear bulkhead was used up by Funkgerät radio equipment and contained the dorsal and flexible casemate ventral gunner positions. The rear bulkhead contained a hatch which allowed access into the rest of the fuselage which was held together by a series of stringers. The wing was a two spar design. The fuselage was formed of stringers to which the fuselage skin was riveted. Internally the frames were fixed only to the stringers, which made for simpler construction at the cost of some rigidity.[11]
The wing leading edges were swept back to a point inline with the engine nacelles, while the trailing edges were angled forward slightly. The wing contained two Шаблон:Cvt fuel tanks between the inner wing main spars, while at the head of the main spar the oil coolers were fitted. Between the outer spars, a second pair of reserve fuel tanks were located, carrying an individual capacity of Шаблон:Cvt of fuel.[11] The outer trailing edges were formed by the ailerons and flaps, which were met by smooth wing tips which curved forward into the leading edge. The outer leading edge sections were installed in the shape of a curved "strip nosed" rib, which was positioned ahead of the main spar. Most of the interior ribs were not solid, with the exception of the ribs located between the rear main spar and the flaps and ailerons. These were of solid construction, though even they had lightening holes.[11]
The control systems also had some innovations. The control column was centrally placed and the pilot sat on the port side of the cockpit. The column had an extension arm fitted and had the ability to be swung over to the starboard side in case the pilot was incapacitated. The control instruments were located above the pilot's head in the ceiling, which allowed viewing and did not block the pilot's vision.[13] The fuel instruments were electrical. The He 111 used the inner fuel tanks, closest to the wing root, first. The outer tanks acted as reserve tanks. The pilot was alerted to the fuel level when there was Шаблон:Cvt left. A manual pump was available in case of electrical or power failure but the delivery rate of just Шаблон:Cvt per minute demanded that the pilot fly at the lowest possible speed and just below Шаблон:Cvt. The He 111 handled well at low speeds.[13]
The defensive machine gun positions were located in the glass nose and in the flexible ventral, dorsal and lateral positions in the fuselage, and all offered a significant field of fire.[14] The machine gun in the nose could be moved 10° upwards from the horizontal and 15° downwards.[14] It could traverse some 30° laterally. Both the dorsal and ventral machine guns could move up and downwards by 65°. The dorsal position could move the Шаблон:Cvt MG 131 machine gun 40° laterally, but the ventral Bola-mount Шаблон:Cvt twinned MG 81Z machine guns could be moved 45° laterally. Each MG 81 single machine gun mounted in the side of the fuselage in "waist" positions, could move laterally by 40° and could move upwards from the horizontal by 30° and downwards by 40°.[14]
Early civilian variants
He 111C
The first prototype, He 111 V1 (W.Nr. 713, D-ADAP), flew from Rostock-Marienehe on 24 February 1935.Шаблон:Sfn It was followed by the civilian-equipped V2 and V4 in May 1935. The V2 (W.Nr. 715, D-ALIX) used the bomb bay as a four-seat "smoking compartment", with another six seats behind it in the rear fuselage. V2 entered service with Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1936, along with six other newly built versions known as the He 111C.[15] The He 111 V4 was unveiled to the foreign press on 10 January 1936.[15] Nazi propaganda inflated the performance of the He 111C, announcing its maximum speed as Шаблон:Cvt; in reality its performance stood at Шаблон:Cvt.[16] The He 111 C-0 was a commercial version and took the form of the V4 prototype design. The first machine was designated D-AHAO "Dresden". It was powered by the BMW VI engine and could manage a range (depending on the fuel capacity) of Шаблон:Cvt[16] and a maximum speed of Шаблон:Cvt.[17] The wing span on the C series was Шаблон:Cvt.[17] The fuselage dimensions were Шаблон:Cvt in the He 111 V1, but changed in the C to Шаблон:Cvt. The Jumo 205 diesel powerplant replaced the BMW VI. Nevertheless, the maximum speed remained in the Шаблон:Cvt bracket. This was increased slightly when the BMW 132 engines were introduced.[17]
A general problem existed in powerplants. The He 111 was equipped with BMW VI glycol-cooled engines. The German aviation industry lacked powerplants that could produce more than 600 hp.[7] Engines of suitable quality were kept for military use, frustrating German airline Luft Hansa and forcing it to rely on the BMW VI or 132s.[17]
He 111G
The He 111G was an upgraded variant and had a number of differences to its predecessors. To simplify production the leading edge of the wing was straightened, like the bomber version. Engine types used included the BMW 132, BMW VI, DB 600 and DB601A. Some C variants were upgraded with the new wing modifications. A new BMW 132H engine was also used in a so-called Einheitstriebwerk (unitary powerplant). These radial engines were used in the Junkers Ju 90 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor. The wing units and engines were packed together as complete operating systems, allowing for a quick change of engine[18] – a likely direct precursor of the wartime Kraftei aviation engine unitization concept. The He 111G was the most powerful as well as the fastest commercial version.[18] The G-0 was given the BMW VI 6.0 ZU. Later variants had their powerplants vary. The G-3 for example was equipped with the BMW 132. The G-4 was powered by DB600G inverted-vee Шаблон:Convert engines and the G-5 was given the DB601B with a top speed of Шаблон:Cvt. By early 1937, eight G variants were in Lufthansa service. The maximum number of He 111s in Lufthansa service was 12. The He 111 operated all over Europe and flew as far away as South Africa. Commercial development ended with the He 111G.[18]
Military variants
He 111A – D
The initial reports from the test pilot, Gerhard Nitschke, were favourable. The He 111's flight performance and handling were impressive although it dropped its wing in the stall. As a result, the passenger variants had their wings reduced from Шаблон:Cvt. The military aircraft – V1, V3 and V5 had a span of Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn
The first prototypes were underpowered, as they were equipped with Шаблон:Cvt BMW VI 6.0 V12 in-line engines. This was eventually increased to Шаблон:Cvt with the installation of the DB (Daimler-Benz) 600 engines in the V5, which became the prototype of the "B" series.Шаблон:Sfn
Only ten He 111 A-0 models based on the V3 were built, but they proved to be underpowered and were eventually sold to China. The type had been lengthened by Шаблон:Cvt) due to the extra Шаблон:Cvt MG 15 machine gun in the nose. Another gun position was installed on top of the fuselage, and a third in a ventral position as a retractable "dustbin" turret. The bomb bay was divided into two compartments and could carry Шаблон:Cvt of bombs. The problem with these additions was that the weight of the aircraft reached Шаблон:Cvt. The He 111's performance was seriously reduced; in particular, the BMW VI 6.0 Z engines, which had been underpowered from the beginning, made the increase in weight even more problematic. The increased length also altered the 111's aerodynamic strengths and reduced its excellent handling on takeoffs and landings.[20]
The crews found the aircraft difficult to fly, and its top speed was reduced significantly. Production was shut down after the pilots reports reached the Ministry of Aviation. However, a Chinese delegation was visiting Germany and they considered the He 111 A-0 fit for their needs and purchased seven machines.[21]
The first He 111B made its maiden flight in the autumn of 1936. The first production batch rolled off the production lines that summer, at Rostock.[22] Seven B-0 pre-production aircraft were built, bearing the Werknummern (W.Nr./Works numbers) 1431 to 1437. The B-0s were powered by DB 600C engines fitted with variable pitch airscrews.[22] These increased output by Шаблон:Cvt. The B-0 had an MG 15 machine gun installed in the nose. The B-0 could also carry Шаблон:Cvt in vertical cells.[22] The B-1 had some minor improvements, including the installation of a revolving gun mount in the nose and a flexible Ikaria turret under the fuselage.[22] After improvements, the RLM ordered 300 He 111 B-1s; the first were delivered in January 1937. In the B-2 variant, engines were upgraded to the supercharged Шаблон:Cvt DB 600C, or in some cases, the Шаблон:Cvt 600G. The B-2 began to roll off the production lines at Oranienburg in 1937.Шаблон:Sfn The He 111 B-3 was a modified trainer. Some 255 B-1s were ordered.[22] However, the production orders were impossible to fulfill and only 28 B-1s were built.[22] Owing to the production of the new He 111E, only a handful of He 111 B-3s were produced. Due to insufficient capacity, Dornier, Arado and Junkers built the He 111B series at their plants in Wismar, Brandenburg and Dessau, respectively.[22] The B series compared favourably with the capacity of the A series. The bomb load increased to Шаблон:Cvt, while there was also an increase in maximum speed and altitude to Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt.[9][21]
In late 1937, the D-1 series entered production. However, the DB 600Ga engine with Шаблон:Cvt planned for this variant was instead allocated to Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 production lines. Heinkel then opted to use Junkers Jumo engines, and the He 111 V6 was tested with Jumo 210 G engines, but was judged underpowered. However, the improved Шаблон:Cvt Jumo 211 A-1 powerplant prompted the cancellation of the D series altogether and concentration on the design of the E series.Шаблон:Sfn
He 111 E
The pre-production E-0 series were built in small numbers, with Jumo 211 A-1 engines loaded with retractable radiators and exhaust systems. The variant could carry Шаблон:Cvt of bombs, giving it a takeoff weight of Шаблон:Cvt. The development team for the Jumo 211 A-1 engines increased power to Шаблон:Convert, subsequently the He 111 E-1s bomb load capacity increased to Шаблон:Cvt and a top speed of Шаблон:Cvt.[23]
The E-1 variant with Jumo 211A-1 engines was developed in 1937, the He 111 V6 being the first production variant. The E-1 had its original powerplant, the DB 600 replaced with the Jumo 210 Ga engines.[24] The more powerful Jumo 211 A-1 engines desired by the Ministry of Aviation were not ready; another trial aircraft, He 111 V10 (D-ALEQ) was to be fitted with two oil coolers necessary for the Jumo 211 A-1 installation.[24]
The E-1s came off the production line in February 1938, in time for a number of these aircraft to serve in the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War in March 1938.[25] The RLM thought that because the E variant could outrun enemy fighters in Spain, there was no need to increase the defensive weaponry, which would prove to be a mistake in later years.[24]
The fuselage bomb bay used four bomb racks but in later versions eight modular standard bomb racks were fitted, to carry one SC Шаблон:Cvt bomb or four SC Шаблон:Cvt bombs mounted nose up. These modular standard bomb racks were a common feature on the first generation of Luftwaffe bombers but they limited the ordnance selection to bombs of only two sizes and were abandoned in later designs.[24]
The E-2 series was not produced and was dropped in favour of producing the E-3 with only a few modifications, such as external bomb racks.[23] Its design features were distinguished by improved FuG radio systems.[25] The E-3 series was equipped with the Jumo 211 A-3s of Шаблон:Cvt.[25]
The E-4 variant was fitted with external bomb racks also and the empty bomb bay space was filled with an Шаблон:Cvt tank for aviation fuel and a further Шаблон:Cvt oil tank. This increased the loaded weight but increased range to Шаблон:Cvt. The modifications allowed the He 111 to perform both long- and short-range missions.[26] The E-4's eight internal vertically aligned bomb racks could each carry a Шаблон:Cvt bomb.[27] The last E Variant, the He 111 E-5, was powered by the Jumo 211 A-3 and retained the Шаблон:Cvt fuel tank on the port side of the bomb bay. Only a few E-4 and E-5s were built.[25]
The RLM had acquired an interest in rocket boosters fitted, for the sake of simplicity, below the wings of a heavily loaded bomber, to cut down the length of runway needed for takeoff. Once in the air the booster canisters would be jettisoned by parachute for reuse. The firm of Hellmuth Walter, at Kiel, handled this development.[28] The first standing trials and tests flights of the Walter HWK 109-500 Starthilfe liquid-fueled boosters were held in 1937 at Neuhardenberg with test pilot Erich Warsitz at the controls of Heinkel He 111E bearing civil registration D-AMUE.[29]
He 111 F
The He 111 design quickly ran through a series of minor design revisions. One of the more obvious changes started with the He 111F models, which moved from the elliptical wing to one with straight leading and trailing edges, which could be manufactured more efficiently.[25] The new design had a wing span of Шаблон:Cvt and a wing area of Шаблон:Cvt.[25]
Heinkel's industrial capacity was limited and production was delayed. Nevertheless, 24 machines of the F-1 series were exported to Turkey.[25] Another 20 of the F-2 variant were built.[30] The Turkish interest, prompted by the fact the tests of the next prototype, He 111 V8, was some way off, prompted the Ministry of Aviation to order 40 F-4s with Jumo 211 A-3 engines. These machines were built and entered service in early 1938.Шаблон:Sfn This fleet was used as a transport group during the Demyansk Pocket and Battle of Stalingrad.[31] At this time, development began on the He 111J. It was powered by the DB 600 and was intended as a torpedo bomber. As a result, it lacked an internal bomb bay and carried two external torpedo racks. The Ministry of Aviation gave an order for the bomb bay to be retrofitted; this variant became known as the J-1. In all but the powerplant, it was identical to the F-4.Шаблон:Sfn
The final variant of the F series was the F-5, with bombsight and powerplants identical to the E-5.[30] The F-5 was rejected as a production variant owing to the superior performance of the He 111 P-1.[30]
He 111 J
The He 111's low-level performance attracted the interest of the Kriegsmarine. The result was the He 111J, capable of carrying torpedoes and mines. However, the navy eventually dropped the program as they deemed the four-man crew too extravagant. The RLM continued production of the He 111 J-0. Some 90 (other sources claim 60) were built in 1938 and were then sent to Küstenfliegergruppe 806 (Coastal Flying Group).[32][33] Powered by the DB 600G engines, it could carry a Шаблон:Cvt payload. Only a few of the pre-production J-0s were fitted with the powerplant, the DB 600 was used, performance deteriorated and the torpedo bomber was not pursued. The J variants were used in training schools until 1944.[30] Some J-1s were used as test beds for Шаблон:Interlanguage link radio-guided air-to-ground torpedo missiles.[34]
He 111 P
The He 111P incorporated the updated Daimler-Benz DB 601A-1 liquid-cooled engine and featured a newly designed nose section, including an asymmetric mounting for an MG 15 machine gun that replaced the 'stepped' cockpit with a roomier and more aerodynamic glazed stepless cockpit over the entire front of the aircraft. This smooth glazed nose was first tested on the He 111 V8 in January 1938. These improvements allowed the aircraft to reach Шаблон:Cvt at Шаблон:Cvt and a cruise speed of Шаблон:Cvt, although a full bomb load reduced this figure to Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn The design was implemented in 1937 because pilot reports indicated problems with visibility.Шаблон:Sfn The pilot's seat could actually be elevated, with the pilot's eyes above the level of the upper glazing, complete with a small pivoted windscreen panel, to get the pilot's head above the level of the top of the "glass tunnel" for a better forward view for takeoffs and landings. The rear-facing dorsal gun position, enclosed with a sliding, near-clear view canopy, and for the first time, the ventral Bodenlafette rear-facing gun position, immediately aft of the bomb bay, that replaced the draggy "dustbin" retractable emplacement became standard, having been first flown on the He 111 V23, bearing civil registration D-ACBH.Шаблон:Sfn
One of Heinkel's rivals, Junkers, built 40 He 111Ps at Dessau. In October 1938, the Junkers Central Administration commented:
Apparent are the externally poor, less carefully designed components at various locations, especially at the junction between the empennage and the rear fuselage. All parts have an impression of being very weak.... The visible flexing in the wing must also be very high. The left and right powerplants are interchangeable. Each motor has an exhaust-gas heater on one side, but it is not connected to the fuselage since it is probable that ... the warm air in the fuselage is not free of carbon monoxide (CO). The fuselage is not subdivided into individual segments, but is attached over its entire length, after completion, to the wing centre section. Outboard of the powerplants, the wings are attached by universal joints. The latter can in no way be satisfactory and have been the cause of several failures.[35]
The new design was powered by the DB 601 Ba engine with 1,175 PSШаблон:Sfn The first production aircraft reached Luftwaffe units in Fall 1938. In May 1939, the P-1 and P-2 went into service with improved radio equipment. The P-1 variant was produced with two DB 601Aa powerplants of Шаблон:Convert. It also introduced self-sealing fuel tanks.[36] The P-1 featured a semi-retractable tail wheel to decrease drag.[36] Armament consisted of an MG 15 in the nose, and a sliding hood for the fuselage's dorsal B-Stand position. Installation of upgraded FuG III radio communication devices were also made and a new ESAC-250/III vertical bomb magazine was added. The overall takeoff weight was now Шаблон:Cvt.[37]
The P-2, like the later P-4, was given stronger armour and two MG 15 machine guns in "waist" mounts on either side of the fuselage and two external bomb racks.Шаблон:Sfn Radio communications consisted of FuG IIIaU radios and the DB601 A-1 replaced the 601Aa powerplants. The Lotfernrohr 7 bombsights, which became the standard bombsight for German bombers, were also fitted to the P-2. The P-2 was also given "field equipment sets" to upgrade the weak defensive armament to four or five MG 15 machine guns.[37] The P-2 had its bomb capacity raised to 4 ESA-250/IX vertical magazines.[37] The P-2 had an empty weight of Шаблон:Cvt, a loaded weight which had increased to Шаблон:Cvt and a maximum range of Шаблон:Cvt.[37]
The P-3 was powered with the same DB601A-1 engines. The aircraft was also designed to take off with a land catapult (KL-12). A towing hook was added to the fuselage under the cockpit for the cable. Just eight examples were produced, all without bomb equipment.[36]
The P-4 contained many changes from the P-2 and P-3. The jettisonable loads were capable of considerable variation. Two external SC Шаблон:Cvt bombs, two LMA air-dropped anti-shipping mines, one SC Шаблон:Cvt plus four SC Шаблон:Cvt; or one SC Шаблон:Cvt external bomb could be carried on an ETC Rüstsatz rack. Depending on the load variation, an 835 L fuel and 120 L oil tank could be added in place of the internal bomb bay. The armament consisted of three defensive MG 15 machine guns.[36] later supplemented by a further three MG 15s and one MG 17 machine gun. The radio communications were standard FuG X(10), Peil G V direction finding and FuBI radio devices. Due to the increase in defensive firepower, the crew numbers increased from four to five. The empty weight of the P-4 increased to Шаблон:Cvt, and the full takeoff weight increased to Шаблон:Cvt.[36]
The P-5 was powered by the DB601A. The variant was mostly used as a trainer and at least twenty-four production variants were produced before production ceased.[30] The P-5 was also fitted with meteorological equipment, and was used in Luftwaffe weather units.[36]
Many of the He 111 Ps served during the Polish Campaign. With the Junkers Ju 88 experiencing technical difficulties, the He 111 and the Do 17 formed the backbone of the Kampfwaffe. On 1 September 1939, Luftwaffe records indicate the Heinkel strength at 705 (along with 533 Dorniers).[38]
The P-6 variant was the last production model of the He 111 P series. In 1940, the Ministry of Aviation abandoned further production of the P series in favour of the H versions, mostly because the P-series' Daimler-Benz engines were needed for Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 fighter production. The remaining P-6s were redesignated P-6/R2s and used as heavy glider tugs.Шаблон:Sfn The most notable difference with previous variants was the upgraded DB 601N powerplants.[35]
The P-7 variant's history is unclear. The P-8 was said to have been similar to the H-5 fitted with dual controls.[35] The P-9 was produced as an export variant for the Hungarian Air Force. Due to the lack of DB 601E engines, the series was terminated in summer 1940.[35]
He 111H and its variants
He 111 H-1 to H-10
The H variant of the He 111 series was more widely produced and saw more action during World War II than any other Heinkel variant. Owing to the uncertainty surrounding the delivery and availability of the DB 601 engines, Heinkel switched to Шаблон:Cvt Junkers Jumo 211 powerplants, whose somewhat greater size and weight were regarded as unimportant considerations in a twin-engine design. When the Jumo was fitted to the P model it became the He 111 H. The He 111 H-1 was fitted with a standard set of three [[7.92×57mm Mauser|Шаблон:Cvt]] MG 15 machine guns and eight SC 250 Шаблон:Cvt or 32 SC 50 Шаблон:Cvt bombs. The same armament was used in the H-2 which started production in August 1939.[39] The P-series was gradually replaced on the eve of war with the new H-2, powered by improved Jumo 211 A-3 engines of Шаблон:Cvt.[39] A count on 2 September 1939 revealed that the Luftwaffe had a total of 787 He 111s in service, with 705 combat ready, including 400 H-1 and H-2s that had been produced in a mere four months.Шаблон:Sfn Production of the H-3, powered by the Шаблон:Cvt Jumo 211 D-1, began in October 1939. Experiences during the Polish Campaign led to an increase in defensive armament. MG 15s were fitted whenever possible and the number of machine guns was sometimes increased to seven. The two waist positions received an additional MG 15, and on some variants a belt-fed MG 17 was even installed in the tail.[39] A Шаблон:Cvt MG FF autocannon would sometimes be installed in the nose or forward gondola.Шаблон:Sfn
After the Battle of Britain, smaller scale production of the H-4s began. The H-4 was virtually identical to the He 111 P-4 with the DB 600s swapped for the Jumo 211D-1s. Some also used the Jumo 211H-1.[40][41] This variant also differed from the H-3 in that it could either carry Шаблон:Cvt of bombs internally or mount one or two external racks to carry one Шаблон:Cvt or two Шаблон:Cvt bombs. As these external racks blocked the internal bomb bay doors, a combination of internal and external storage was not possible. A PVR 1006L bomb rack was fitted externally and an Шаблон:Cvt tank added to the interior spaces left vacant by the removal of the internal bomb-bay. The PVR 1006L was capable of carrying a SC 1000 Шаблон:Cvt bomb. Some H-4s had their PVC racks modified to drop torpedoes.[40] Later modifications enabled the PVC 1006 to carry a Шаблон:Cvt "Max" bomb. However Шаблон:Cvt "Hermann" or Шаблон:Cvt "Satans" were used more widely.[42]
The H-5 series followed in February 1941, with heavier defensive armament.Шаблон:Sfn Like the H-4, it retained a PVC 1006 L bomb rack to enable it to carry heavy bombs under the fuselage. The first ten He 111 H-5s were pathfinders, and selected for special missions. The aircraft sometimes carried Шаблон:Cvt flashlight bombs which acted as flares. The H-5 could also carry heavy fire bombs, either heavy containers or smaller incendiary devices attached to parachutes. The H-5 also carried LM A and LM B aerial mines for anti-shipping operations. After the 80th production aircraft, the PVC 1006 L bomb rack was removed and replaced with a heavy-duty ETC 2000 rack, enabling the H-5 to carry the SC 2500 "Max" bomb, on the external ETC 2000 rack, which enabled it to support the Шаблон:Convert bomb.Шаблон:Sfn
Some H-3 and H-4s were equipped with barrage balloon cable-cutting equipment in the shape of cutter installations forward of the engines and cockpit. They were designated H-8, but later named H8/R2. These aircraft were difficult to fly and production stopped. The H-6 initiated some overall improvements in design. The Jumo 211 F-1 engine of Шаблон:Cvt increased its speed while the defensive armament was upgraded at the factory with one Шаблон:Cvt MG FF cannon in the nose and/or gondola positions (optional), two MG 15 in the ventral gondola, and one each of the fuselage side windows. Some H-6 variants carried tail-mounted MG 17 defensive armament.Шаблон:Sfn The performance of the H-6 was much improved. The climb rate was higher and the bomber could reach a slightly higher ceiling of Шаблон:Cvt. When heavy bomb loads were added, this ceiling was reduced to Шаблон:Cvt. The weight of the H-6 increased to Шаблон:Cvt. Some H-6s received Jumo 211F-2s which improved a low-level speed of Шаблон:Cvt. At an altitude of Шаблон:Cvt the maximum speed was Шаблон:Cvt. If heavy external loads were added, the speed was reduced by Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn
Other designs of the mid-H series included the He 111 H-7 and H-8. The airframes were to be rebuilds of the H-3/H-5 variant. Both were designed as night bombers and were to have two Jumo 211F-1s installed. The intention was for the H-8 to be fitted with cable-cutting equipment and barrage ballon deflectors on the leading edge of the wings. The H-7 was never built.[43]
The H-9 was intended as a trainer with dual control columns. The airframe was a H-1 variant rebuild. The powerplants consisted of two JumoA-1s or D-1s.[43] The H-10 was also designated to trainer duties. Rebuilt from an H-2 or H-3 airframe, it was installed with full defensive armament including Шаблон:Cvt MG 131 and Шаблон:Cvt MG 81Z machine guns. It was to be powered by two Jumo 211A-1s, D-1s or F-2s.[43]
Later H variants, H-11 to H-20
In the summer of 1942, the H-11, based on the H-3 was introduced. With the H-11, the Luftwaffe had at its disposal a powerful medium bomber with heavier armour and revised defensive armament. The drum-fed Шаблон:Cvt MG 15 was replaced with a belt-fed Шаблон:Cvt MG 131 in a fully-enclosed dorsal position (B-Stand); the gunner in the latter was protected with armoured glass. The MG 15 in the ventral C-Stand or Bola was also replaced, with a belt-fed Шаблон:Cvt MG 81Z with much higher rate of fire. The beam positions originally retained their MG 15s but the H-11/R1 replaced these with twin MG 81Z which was standardized in November 1942. The port internal ESAC bomb racks could be removed and an Шаблон:Cvt fuel tank installed.[44] Many H-11s were equipped with a new PVC rack under the fuselage, which carried five Шаблон:Cvt bombs. Additional armour plating was fitted around crew spaces, some of it on the lower fuselage which could be jettisoned in an emergency. Engines were two Шаблон:Cvt Junkers Jumo 211F-2, allowing this variant to carry a Шаблон:Cvt load to a range of Шаблон:Cvt. Heinkel built 230 new aircraft of this type and converted 100 H-3s to H-11s by the summer of 1943.[44]
The third mass production model of the He 111H was the H-16, entering production in late 1942. Armament was as on the H-11, except that the Шаблон:Cvt MG FF cannon was removed, as the H-16s were seldom employed on low-level missions, and was replaced with an MG 131 in a flexible installation in the nose (A-Stand). On some aircraft, He 111 H-16/R1, the dorsal position was replaced by a Drehlafette DL 131 electrically powered turret, armed with an MG 131. The two beam and the aft ventral positions were provided with MG 81Zs, as on the H-11. The two Шаблон:Cvt Jumo 211 F-2 provided a maximum speed of Шаблон:Cvt at Шаблон:Cvt; cruising speed was Шаблон:Cvt and service ceiling was Шаблон:Cvt.[45] Funkgerät (FuG) radio equipment. FuG 10P, FuG 16, FuBl Z and APZ 6 were fitted for communication and navigation at night, while some aircraft received the FuG 101a radio altimeter. The H-16 retained its eight ESAC internal bomb cells; four bomb cells, as on previous versions could be replaced by a fuel tank to increase range. ETC 2000 racks could be installed over the bomb cell openings for external weapons carriage. Empty weight was Шаблон:Cvt and the aircraft weighed Шаблон:Cvt fully loaded for take off. German factories built 1,155 H-16s between the end of 1942 and the end of 1943; in addition, 280 H-6s and 35 H-11s were updated to H-16 standard.[45] An undetermined number of H variants were fitted with the FuG 200 Hohentwiel. The radar was adapted as an anti-shipping detector for day or night operations.[46]Шаблон:Sfn
The last major production variant was the H-20, which entered into production in early 1944. It was planned to use two Шаблон:Cvt Junkers Jumo 213E-1 engines, turning three-blade, Junkers VS 11 wooden-bladed variable-pitch propellers. It would appear this plan was never developed fully. Though the later H-22 variant was given the 213E-1 engines, the 211F-2 remained the H-20's main power plant. Heinkel and its licensees built 550 H-20s through the summer of 1944, while 586 H-6s were upgraded to H-20 standard.[47]Шаблон:Sfn
In contrast to the H-11 and H-16, the H-20, equipped with two Jumo 211F-2s, had more powerful armament and radio communications. The defensive armament consisted of an MG 131 in an A-Stand gun pod for the forward mounted machine gun position. One rotatable Drehlafette DL 131/1C (or E) gun mount in the B-stand was standard and later, MG 131 machine guns were added.[48] Navigational direction-finding gear was also installed. The Peil G6 was added to locate targets and the FuBI 2H blind landing equipment was built in to help with night operations. The radio was a standard FuG 10, TZG 10 and FuG 16Z for navigating to the target. The H-20 also was equipped with barrage balloon cable-cutters. The bomb load of the H-20 could be mounted on external ETC 1000 racks or four ESAC 250 racks. The sub variant H-20/R4 could carry twenty Шаблон:Cvt bombs externally.[48]
He 111Z
The He 111Z Zwilling (Шаблон:Lang-en) was a design that mated two He 111s. The design was originally conceived to tow the Messerschmitt Me 321 glider. Initially, four He 111 H-6s were modified. This resulted in an aircraft with twin fuselages and five engines. They were tested at Rechlin in 1941, and the pilots rated them highly.[49]
A batch of ten were produced and five were built from existing H-6s. The machines were joined by a center wing formed by two sections Шаблон:Cvt in length. The powerplants were five Junkers Jumo 211F engines producing Шаблон:Cvt each. The total fuel capacity was Шаблон:Cvt. This was increased by adding four Шаблон:Cvt drop tanks.[32] The He111Z could tow a Gotha Go 242 or Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant gliders for up to 10 hours at cruising speed. It could also remain airborne if the three central powerplants failed. The He 111 Z-2 and Z-3 were also planned as heavy bombers carrying Шаблон:Cvt of bombs and having a range of Шаблон:Cvt. The ETC installations allowed for a further four Шаблон:Cvt drop tanks to be installed.
The He 111 Z-2 could carry four Henschel Hs 293 anti-ship missiles, which were guided by the FuG 203b Kehl III missile control system.[50] With this load, the He 111Z had a range of Шаблон:Cvt and a speed of Шаблон:Cvt. The maximum bombload was Шаблон:Cvt. To increase power, the five Jumo 211F-2 engines were intended to be fitted with Hirth TK 11 superchargers. Onboard armament was the same as the He 111H-6, with the addition of one Шаблон:Cvt MG 151/20 cannon in a rotating gun-mount on the center section.
The layout of the He 111Z had the pilot and his controls in the port fuselage only. The controls themselves and essential equipment were all that remained in the starboard section. The aircraft had a crew of seven; a pilot, first mechanic, radio operator and gunner in the port fuselage, and the observer, second mechanic and gunner in the starboard fuselage.[32]
The Z-3 was to be a reconnaissance version and would have had additional fuel tanks, increasing its range to Шаблон:Cvt. Production was due to take place in 1944, just as bomber production was being abandoned. The long-range variants failed to come to fruition.[51] The He 111Z was to have been used in an invasion of Malta in 1942 and as part of an airborne assault on the Soviet cities of Astrakhan and Baku in the Caucasus in the same year. During the Battle of Stalingrad their use was cancelled due to insufficient airfield capacity. Later in 1943, He111Zs helped evacuate German equipment and personnel from the Caucasus region, and during the Allied invasion of Sicily, attempted to deliver reinforcements to the island.[52]
During operations, the He 111Z did not have enough power to lift a fully loaded Me 321. Some He 111s were supplemented by rocket pods for extra takeoff thrust, but this was not a fleet-wide action. Two rockets were mounted beneath each fuselage and one underneath each wing. This added Шаблон:Cvt in weight. The pods were released by parachute after takeoff.[32]
The He 111Z's operational history was minimal. One machine was caught by RAF fighter aircraft over France on 14 March 1944. The He 111Z was towing a Gotha Go 242, and was shot down.[53] Eight were shot down or destroyed on the ground in 1944.[54]
Production
To meet demand for numbers, Heinkel constructed a factory at Oranienburg. On 4 May 1936, construction began, and exactly one year later the first He 111 rolled off the production line.[55] The Ministry of Aviation Luftwaffe administration office suggested that Ernst Heinkel lend his name to the factory. The "Ernst Heinkel GmbH" was established with a share capital of Шаблон:Reichsmark. Heinkel was given a Шаблон:Reichsmark share.[55] The factory itself was built by, and belonged to, the German state.[55] From this production plant, 452 He 111s and 69 Junkers Ju 88s were built in the first year of the war.[56] German production for the Luftwaffe amounted to 808 He 111s by September 1939.[57] According to Heinkel's memoirs, a further 452 were built in 1939, giving a total of 1,260.[57] But "1940s production suffered extreme losses during the Battle of Britain, with 756 bombers lost".[56] Meanwhile, the He 111's rival – the Ju 88 – had increased production to 1,816 aircraft, some 26 times the number from the previous year.[56] Losses were also considerable the previous year over the Balkans and Eastern Fronts. To compensate, He 111 production was increased to 950 in 1941.[57] In 1942, this increased further to 1,337 He 111s.[56][57] The Ju 88 production figures were even higher still, exceeding 3,000 in 1942, of which 2,270 were bomber variants.[56] In 1943, He 111 increased to 1,405 aircraft.[56][57] But the Ju 88 still outnumbered it in production terms as its figures reached 2,160 for 1943.[56] The Allied bomber offensives in 1944 and in particular Big Week failed to stop or damage production at Heinkel. Up until the last quarter of 1944, 756 Heinkel He 111s had been built, while Junkers produced 3,013 Ju 88s, of which 600 were bomber versions.[56][57] During 1939–1944, a total of 5,656 Heinkel He 111s were built compared to 9,122 Ju 88s.[56] As the Luftwaffe was now on the strategic defensive, bomber production and that of the He 111 was suspended. Production in September 1944, the last production month for the He 111, included 118 bombers.[58] Of these 21 Junkers Ju 87s, 74 Junkers Ju 188s, 3 Junkers Ju 388s and 18 Arado Ar 234s were built.[58] Of the Heinkel variants, zero Heinkel He 177s were produced and just two Heinkel He 111s were built.[58]
| Year | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quarter | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
| Number Produced | 301 | 350 | 356 | 330 | 462 | 340 | 302 | 301 | 313 | 317 | 126 | 0 |
Exports
In 1937, 24 He 111 F-1s were bought by the Turkish Air Force. The Turks also ordered four He 111 G-5s.[58] China also ordered 12 He 111 A-0s, but at a cost 400,000 Reichsmark (RM).[58] The aircraft were crated up and transported by sea. According to other sources, China got only six He 111 K (export version of He 111 A), delivered in 1936.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish Air Force acquired 59 He 111 "survivors" and a further six He 111s in 1941–1943.[58] Bulgaria was given one He 111 H-6, Romania received 10 E-3s, 32 H-3s and 10 H-6s.[58] Two H-10s and three H-16s were given to Slovakia, Hungary was given three He 111Bs and 12–13 He 111s by 6 May 1941.[58] A further 80 P-1s were ordered but only 13 arrived.[58] Towards the end of 1944, 12 He 111 Hs were delivered. The Japanese were due to receive 44 He 111Fs but in 1938 the agreement was cancelled.[58]
Operational history
Шаблон:Main The Heinkel He 111 served the Luftwaffe across the European theatre as a medium bomber until 1943, when a loss of air superiority resulted in it being relegated to a transport role.
The Spanish supplemented the German-built He 111s still in service with licence-built CASA 2.111s from 1950. The last of the German-built aircraft were still in service in 1958.Шаблон:Sfn
Variants
- He 111 A-0
- Ten aircraft built based on He 111 V3, two used for trials at Rechlin, rejected by Luftwaffe, all 10 were sold to China.[22]
- He 111 B-0
- Pre-production aircraft, similar to He 111 A-0, but with DB600Aa engines.
- He 111 B-1
- Production aircraft as B-0, but with DB600C engines. Defensive armament consisted of a flexible Ikaria turret in the nose A Stand, a B Stand with one DL 15 revolving gun-mount and a C Stand with one MG 15.[22]
- He 111 B-2
- As B-1, but with DB600GG engines, and extra radiators on either side of the engine nacelles under the wings. Later the DB 600Ga engines were added and the wing surface coolers withdrawn.[22]
- He 111 B-3
- Modified B-1 for training purposes.[22]
- He 111 C-0
- Six pre-production aircraft.
- He 111 D-0
- Pre-production aircraft with DB600Ga engines.[22]
- He 111 D-1
- Production aircraft, only a few built. Notable for the installation of the FuG X, or FuG 10, designed to operate over longer ranges. Auxiliary equipment contained direction finding Peil G V and FuBI radio blind landing aids.[25]
- He 111 E-0
- Pre-production aircraft, similar to B-0, but with Jumo 211 A-1 engines.
- He 111 E-1
- Production aircraft with Jumo 211 A-1 powerplants. Prototypes were powered by Jumo 210G as which replaced the original DB 600s.[25]
- He 111 E-2
- Non production variant. No known variants built. Designed with Jumo 211 A-1s and A-3s.[25]
- He 111 E-3
- Production bomber. Same design as E-2, but upgraded to standard Jumo 211 A-3s.[25]
- He 111 E-4
- Half of Шаблон:Cvt bomb load carried externally.[25]
- He 111 E-5
- Fitted with several internal auxiliary fuel tanks.[25]
- He 111 F-0
- Pre-production aircraft similar to E-5, but with a new wing of simpler construction with a straight rather than curved taper, and Jumo 211 A-1 engines.[30]
- He 111 F-1
- Production bomber, 24 were exported to Turkey.[30]
- He 111 F-2
- Twenty were built. The F-2 was based on the F-1, differing only in installation of optimised wireless equipment.[30]
- He 111 F-3
- Planned reconnaissance version. Bomb release equipment replaced with RB cameras. It was to have Jumo 211 A-3 powerplants.[30]
- He 111 F-4
- A small number of staff communications aircraft were built under this designation. Equipment was similar to the G-5.[30]
- He 111 F-5
- The F-5 was not put into production. The already available on the P variant showed it to be superior.[30]
- He 111 G-0
- Pre-production transportation aircraft built, featured new wing introduced on F-0.
- He 111 G-3
- Also known as V14, fitted with BMW 132Dc radial engines.
- He 111 G-4
- Also known as V16, fitted with DB600G engines.
- He 111 G-5
- Four aircraft with DB600Ga engines built for export to Turkey.
- He 111 J-0
- Pre-production torpedo bomber similar to F-4, but with DB600CG engines.[30]
- He 111 J-1
- Production torpedo bomber, 90 built, but re-configured as a bomber.
- He 111 K
- Export version of He 111 A for China.Шаблон:Sfn
- He 111 L
- Alternative designation for the He 111 G-3 civil transport aircraft.
- He 111 P-0
- Pre-production aircraft featured new straight wing, new glazed nose, DB601Aa engines, and a ventral Bodenlafette gondola for gunner (rather than "dust-bin" on previous models).[37]
- He 111 P-1
- Production aircraft, fitted with three MG 15s as defensive armament.
- He 111 P-2
- Had FuG 10 radio in place of FuG IIIaU. Defensive armament increased to five MG 15s.[37]
- He 111 P-3
- Dual control trainer fitted with DB601 A-1 powerplants.[37]
- He 111 P-4
- Fitted with extra armour, three extra MG 15s, and provisions for two externally mounted bomber racks. Powerplants consisted of DB601 A-1s. The internal bomb bay was replaced with an 835 L fuel tank and a 120 L oil tank.[37] Some H-4s were also fitted with Jumo 211H-1s.[41]
- He 111 P-5
- The P-5 was a pilot trainer. Some 24 examples were built. The variant was powered by DB 601A engines.[37]
- He 111 P-6
- Some of the P-6s were powered by the DB 601N engines. The Messerschmitt Bf 109 received these engines, as they had greater priority.[37]
- He 111 P-6/R2
- Equipped with /Rüstsätz 2 field conversions later in war of surviving aircraft to glider tugs.
- He 111 P-7
- Never built.[35]
- He 111 P-8
- Its existence and production is in doubt.[35]
- He 111 P-9
- It was intended for export to the Hungarian Air Force, by the project founder for lack of DB 601E engines. Only a small number were built, and were used in the Luftwaffe as towcraft.[35]
- He 111 H-0
- Pre-production aircraft similar to P-2 but with Jumo 211A-1 engines, pioneering the use of the Junkers Jumo 211 series of engines for the H-series as standard.
- He 111 H-1
- Production aircraft. Fitted with FuG IIIaU and later FuG 10 radio communications.
- He 111 H-2
- This version was fitted with improved armament. Two D Stands (waist guns) in the fuselage giving the variant some five MG 15 Machine guns.
- He 111 H-3
- Similar to H-2, but with Jumo 211 A-3 engines. The number of machine guns could be increased to seven with some variants having a belt-fed MG 17 installed in the tail. An MG FF cannon would sometimes be installed in the nose or front gondola[39]Шаблон:Sfn
- He 111 H-4
- Fitted with Jumo 211D engines, late in production changed to Jumo 211F engines, and two external bomb racks. Two PVC 1006L racks for carrying torpedoes could be added.[59]
- He 111 H-5
- Similar to H-4, all bombs carried externally, internal bomb bay replaced by fuel tank. The variant was to be a longer range torpedo bomber.[59]
- He 111 H-6
- Torpedo bomber, could carry two LT F5b torpedoes externally, powered by Jumo 211F-1 engines, had six MG 15s with optional MG FF cannon in nose and/or forward gondola.[59]
- He 111 H-6
- Modified H-6 with Heinkel HeS-11 jet engine attached below.[60]
- He 111 H-7
- Designed as a night bomber. Similar to H-6, tail MG 17 removed, ventral gondola removed, and armoured plate added. Fitted with Kuto-Nase barrage balloon cable-cutters.[59]
- He 111 H-8
- The H-8 was a rebuild of H-3 or H-5 aircraft, but with balloon cable-cutting fender. The H-8 was powered by Jumo 211D-1s.[59]
- He 111 H-8/R2
- Equipped with /Rüstsätz 2 field conversion of H-8 into glider tugs, balloon cable-cutting equipment removed.
- He 111 H-9
- Based on H-6, but with Kuto-Nase balloon cable-cutters.
- He 111 H-10
- Similar to H-6, but with Шаблон:Cvt MG/FF cannon in ventral gondola, and fitted with Kuto-Nase balloon cable-cutters. Powered by Jumo 211 A-1s or D-1s.[59]
- He 111 H-11
- Had a fully enclosed dorsal gun position and increased defensive armament and armour. The H-11 was fitted with Jumo 211 F-2s.[59]
- He 111 H-11/R1
- As H-11, but equipped with /Rüstsätz 1 field conversion kit, with two Шаблон:Cvt MG 81Z twin-gun units at waist positions.
- He 111 H-11/R2
- As H-11, but equipped with /Rüstsätz 2 field conversion kit, for conversion to a glider tug.
- He 111 H-12
- Modified to carry Hs 293A missiles, fitted with FuG 203b Kehl transmitter, and ventral gondola deleted.[59]
- He 111 H-14
- Pathfinder, fitted with FuG FuMB 4 Samos and FuG 16 radio equipment.[59]
- He 111 H-14/R1
- Glider tug version.
- He 111 H-15
- The H-15 was intended as a launch pad for the Blohm & Voss BV 246.[59]
- He 111 H-16
- Fitted with Jumo 211 F-2 engines and increased defensive armament of MG 131 machine guns, twin MG 81Zs, and an MG FF cannon.
- He 111 H-16/R1
- As H-16, but with MG 131 in power-operated dorsal turret.
- He 111 H-16/R2
- As H-16, but converted to a glider tug.
- He 111 H-16/R3
- As H-16, modified as a pathfinder.
- He 111 H-18
- Based on H-16/R3, was a pathfinder for night operations.
- He 111 H-20
- Defensive armament similar to H-16, but some aircraft feature power-operated dorsal turrets.
- He 111 H-20/R1
- Could carry sixteen paratroopers, fitted with jump hatch.
- He 111 H-20/R2
- Was a cargo carrier and glider tug.
- He 111 H-20/R3
- Was a night bomber.
- He 111 H-20/R4
- Could carry twenty Шаблон:Cvt SC 50 bombs.
- He 111 H-21
- Based on the H-20/R3, but with Jumo 213 engines.
- He 111 H-22
- Re-designated and modified H-6, H-16, and H-21's used to air launch V1 flying-bombs.
- He 111 H-23
- Based on H-20/Rüstsätz 1 (/R1) field conversion kit, but with Jumo 213 A-1 engines.
- He 111 R
- High altitude bomber project.
- He 111 U
- A spurious designation applied for propaganda purposes to the Heinkel He 119 high-speed reconnaissance bomber design which set an FAI record in November 1937. True identity only becomes clear to the Allies after World War II.[61]
- He 111 Z-1
- Two He 111 airframes coupled together by a new central wing panel possessing a fifth Jumo 211 engine, used as a glider tug for Messerschmitt Me 321.
- He 111 Z-2
- Long-range bomber variant based on Z-1.
- He 111 Z-3
- Long-range reconnaissance variant based on Z-1.
- CASA 2.111
- The Spanish company CASA also produced a number of heavily modified He 111s under licence for indigenous use. These models were designated CASA 2.111 and served until 1973.
- Army Type 98 Medium Bomber
- Evaluation and proposed production of the He 111 for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
Operators
Military operators
- Czechoslovak Air Force operated one aircraft post-war.[63]
- Soviet Air Forces operated several captured He 111s during World War II.[64]
- Turkish Air Force operated 24 He 111F-1s, with first deliveries in 1937, and remaining in use until 1944.Шаблон:Sfn[67]
- Royal Air Force operated various captured variants during and after the war for evaluation purposes i.e. to discover strengths and weaknesses.[68]
- United States Army Air Forces operated several captured aircraft after the war. One H-20 – 23 may be the aircraft currently on display at the RAF Museum Hendon, minus the Drehlafette DL 131 turret.[69]
Civil operators
- Central Air Transport Corporation (CATC) operated a single ex-air force He 111A re-fitted with Wright Cyclone radial engines.[70]
- Deutsche Luft Hansa operated 12 aircraft.[54]
- Unknown civilian user operated one converted bomber. The registration of the He 111 was YR-PTP. Works, or factory number is unknown.[71]
Surviving aircraft
Five original German-built He 111s are on display or in museums around the world (not including major components):[72]
- He 111 E-1 "Pedro" (code 25+82), Wk Nr 2940 with the "conventional" cockpit is on display at the Museo del Aire, Madrid, Spain.[73][72]
- A mostly complete He 111 P-2 (5J+CN), Werknummer 1526 of 5.Staffel/Kampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54—Bomber Wing 54), is on display at the Royal Norwegian Air Force Museum at Gardermoen, part of the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection.[72] The 5J Geschwaderkennung code on the aircraft is usually documented as being that of either I. Gruppe/KG 4 or KG 100 with B3 being KG 54's equivalent code throughout the war.[74]
- An He 111 H-20 (Stammkennzeichen of NT+SL), Wk Nr 701152, a troop-carrying version is on display at the RAF Museum Hendon, London. Appropriated by USAAF pilots in France at the end of the war, it was left in Britain following the unit's return to the US, and taken on by the RAF.[75][76]
- In September 2004, an He 111 H-2 (Stammkennzeichen of 6N+NH), and Wk Nr 2320 was salvaged from Jonsvatnet, a Norwegian lake, and has since been moved to Germany for restoration. The aircraft was formerly assigned to 1. Staffel/Kampfgeschwader 100, and was abandoned when the lake's surface ice began to melt, sometime in late 1940.[72]
- In 2019, a CASA 2.111B slated for restoration by the Kent Battle of Britain Museum was discovered to be a refitted He 111 H-16.[77]
Specifications (He 111 H-6)
In popular culture
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite book (Including early developments and test flights of the Heinkel He 111 fitted with rocket boosters)
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source, Volume 1. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
- de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source, Volume 2. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Kober, Franz. Heinkel He 111 Over all Fronts. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. 1992. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Smith, J. Richard and Anthony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2002. Шаблон:ISBN.
External links
- An article on an He 111 wreck site in Norway
- Video (Archive) of the Heinkel He 111 (D-AMUE) fitted with Walter RATO rocket boosters, third film of nine viewable Шаблон:Webarchive
- YouTube 1997 Video of Commemorative Air Force's CASA-built He 111 with Merlin engines
- He 111 H3 WNr 6830, Virtual view of restoration to-date. Shot down in 1940, Recovered in northern Swedish lake 2008
Шаблон:Heinkel aircraft Шаблон:RLM aircraft designations Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Good article
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 22,00 22,01 22,02 22,03 22,04 22,05 22,06 22,07 22,08 22,09 22,10 22,11 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 25,00 25,01 25,02 25,03 25,04 25,05 25,06 25,07 25,08 25,09 25,10 25,11 25,12 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 30,00 30,01 30,02 30,03 30,04 30,05 30,06 30,07 30,08 30,09 30,10 30,11 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 35,5 35,6 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 36,3 36,4 36,5 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 37,4 37,5 37,6 37,7 37,8 37,9 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 43,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 45,0 45,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 54,0 54,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 56,3 56,4 56,5 56,6 56,7 56,8 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 57,0 57,1 57,2 57,3 57,4 57,5 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 58,00 58,01 58,02 58,03 58,04 58,05 58,06 58,07 58,08 58,09 58,10 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 59,0 59,1 59,2 59,3 59,4 59,5 59,6 59,7 59,8 59,9 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Die deutsche Luftrüstung 1933-1945, Bd.4: Flugzeugtypen MIAG - Zeppelin
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 64,0 64,1 64,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 72,0 72,1 72,2 72,3 "List of He 111 survivors." preservedaxisaircraft.com. Retrieved: 10 November 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Simpson, Andy. "Individual Record: Heinkel He 111 H-20/R1 701152/8471M, accession record 78/A/1033" (pdf). Шаблон:Webarchive RAF Museum, 2007. Retrieved: 10 February 2011.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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