Английская Википедия:Hejazi Arabic

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup lang Шаблон:Infobox language Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic (HA) (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:IPA), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region,[1] one by the urban population, originally spoken mainly in the cities of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and partially in Ta'if and another dialect by the urbanized rural and bedouin populations.[2] However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.

In antiquity, the Hejaz was home to the Old Hejazi dialect of Arabic recorded in the consonantal text of the Qur'an. Old Hejazi is distinct from modern Hejazi Arabic, and represents an older linguistic layer wiped out by centuries of migration, but which happens to share the imperative prefix vowel /a-/ with the modern dialect.

Classification

Also referred to as the sedentary Hejazi dialect, this is the form most commonly associated with the term "Hejazi Arabic", and is spoken in the urban centers of the region, such as Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina. With respect to the axis of bedouin versus sedentary dialects of the Arabic language, this dialect group exhibits features of both. Like other sedentary dialects, the urban Hejazi dialect is less conservative than the bedouin varieties in some aspects and has therefore shed some Classical forms and features that are still present in bedouin dialects, these include gender-number disagreement, and the feminine marker -n (see Varieties of Arabic). But in contrast to bedouin dialects, the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction plus the distinction between the emphatic letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr is generally retained.

Innovative features

  1. The present progressive tense is marked by the prefix Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("he is studying").
  2. The future tense is marked by the prefix Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("he will study").[3]
  3. the internal passive form, which in Hejazi, is replaced by the pattern (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA) or (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA).[4]
  4. Loss of the final Шаблон:IPA sound in the 3rd person masculine singular pronoun Шаблон:Lang. For example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("his house"), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("I know him"), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("they said it"), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("on him") and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("we saw him") vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("we saw") .
  5. loss of gender-specificity in numbers except for the number "one" which is Шаблон:Lang m. Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang f. Шаблон:IPA.
  6. The pronunciation of the interdental letters Шаблон:Angbr ,Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr. (See Hejazi Arabic Phonology)
  7. loss of gender-specificity in plural verb forms, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA instead of masculine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and feminine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
  8. loss of gender-specificity in plural adjectives, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "bored" can be used to describe both feminine and masculine plural nouns.
  9. The verb forms V, VI and IIQ have an additional initial Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "it shattered" (V), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "she worked" (VI) and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "they babbled" (IIQ).
Файл:Semitic-map-english.gif
Approximate distribution of Arabic language around the 1st century in Hejaz and Najd

Conservative features

  1. Hejazi Arabic does not employ double negation, nor does it append the negation particles -sh to negate verbs: Hejazi Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("I don't know"), as opposed to Egyptian Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Palestinian Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
  2. The habitual present tense is not marked by any prefixes as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("he studies") and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("I love you"), as opposed to Egyptian Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
  3. The prohibitive mood of Classical Arabic is preserved in the imperative: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("don't go").
  4. The possessive suffixes are generally preserved in their Classical forms. For example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "your (pl) house".
  5. The plural first person pronoun is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, as opposed to Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
  6. When indicating a location, the preposition Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (also written as a prefix Шаблон:Lang) is preferred to Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("in Medina").
  7. The pronunciation of the Шаблон:Angbr is Шаблон:IPA as in Modern Standard Arabic as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("Riyadh").
  8. The hamzated verbs like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA keep their classical form as opposed to Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
  9. The use of Шаблон:IPA in form 1 verbs is retained as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as opposed to Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in Najdi and Gulf dialects.
  10. The glottal stop can be added to final syllables ending in a vowel as a way of emphasising.
  11. the definite article Шаблон:Lang is always pronounced Шаблон:IPA as opposed to Egyptian or Kuwaiti Шаблон:IPA and the final Шаблон:Lang is always pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
  12. Compared to neighboring dialects, urban Hejazi retains most of the short vowels of Classical Arabic with no vowel reduction or ghawa syndrome, for example:
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("fish"), as opposed to Шаблон:IPA,
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("she hit him"), as opposed to Шаблон:IPA.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("his son"), as opposed to Шаблон:IPA.
عَلَيَّ Шаблон:IPA ("on me"), as opposed to Шаблон:IPA.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("our pocket") and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("my family"), as opposed to Najdi Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA and Egyptian Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ("in your possession" pl.), as opposed to Najdi Шаблон:IPA, Egyptian Шаблон:IPA, and Levantine Шаблон:IPA.

History

The Arabic of today is derived principally from the old dialects of Central and North Arabia which were divided by the classical Arab grammarians into three groups: Hejaz, Najd, and the language of the tribes in adjoining areas. Though the modern Hejazi dialects has developed markedly since the development of Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic is quite distinct from the modern dialect of Hejaz. Standard Arabic now differs considerably from modern Hejazi Arabic in terms of its phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon,[5] such diglossia in Arabic began to emerge at the latest in the sixth century CE when oral poets recited their poetry in a proto-Classical Arabic based on archaic dialects which differed greatly from their own.[6]

Urban Hejazi Arabic belongs to the western Peninsular Arabic branch of the Arabic language, which itself is a Semitic language. It includes features of both urban and bedouin dialects given its development in the historical cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca in proximity to the bedouin tribes that lived on the outskirts of these cities, in addition to a minimal influence in vocabulary from other urban Arabic dialects and Modern Standard Arabic, and more recently the influence of the other dialects of Saudi Arabia, all of which made Urban Hejazi a dialect that is distinctly unique but close to peninsular dialects on one hand and urban Arabic dialects on the other.

Historically, it is not well-known in which stage of Arabic the shift from the Proto-Semitic pair Шаблон:IPA qāf and Шаблон:IPA gīm came to be Hejazi Шаблон:IPA gāf and jīm Шаблон:Angbr, although it has been attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a chain shift Шаблон:IPA* → Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA[7] that occurred in one of two ways:

  1. Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic gīm Шаблон:IPA palatalized to Hejazi jīm Шаблон:IPA first, opening up a space at the position of Шаблон:IPA, which qāf Шаблон:IPA* then moved to fill the empty space resulting in Hejazi gāf Шаблон:IPA, restoring structural symmetrical relationships present in the pre-Arabic system.[8][9]
  2. Push Chain: Proto-Semitic qāf Шаблон:IPA* changed to Hejazi gāf Шаблон:IPA first, which resulted in pushing the original gīm Шаблон:IPA forward in articulation to become Hejazi jīm Шаблон:IPA, but since most modern qāf dialects as well as standard Arabic also have jīm, then the push-chain of qāf to gāf first can be discredited,[10] although there are good grounds for believing that old Arabic qāf had both voiced Шаблон:IPAblink and voiceless Шаблон:IPAblink as allophones; and later on the gīm Шаблон:IPA was fronted to jīm Шаблон:IPA, possibly as a result of pressure from the allophones.[11]

* The original value of Proto-Semitic qāf was probably an emphatic Шаблон:IPAblink not Шаблон:IPAblink.

The development of Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA have also been observed in languages like Azeri in which the Old Turkic Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as a velar Шаблон:IPA; e.g. قال / qal 'to stay, remain' is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, rather than Шаблон:IPA as in Turkish or Шаблон:IPA in Bashkir, Uyghur, Kazakh, etc.[12]

Phonology

Шаблон:MainIn general, Hejazi native phonemic inventory consists of 26 (with no interdental Шаблон:IPA) to 28 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker's preference, in addition to the marginal phoneme Шаблон:IPAslink. Furthermore, it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long vowels Шаблон:IPA.[13][14] Consonant length and Vowel length are both distinctive and being a Semitic language the four emphatic consonants Шаблон:IPA are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts.[15]

The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from other peninsular dialects in regards to consonants; is the pronunciation of the letters Шаблон:Angbr ,Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr (see Hejazi Phonology) and the pronunciation of Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA as in Standard Arabic. Another differential feature is the lack of palatalization for the letters Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, unlike in other peninsular dialects where they can be palatalized in certain positions[16] e.g. Hejazi Шаблон:Lang 'new' Шаблон:IPA vs. Gulf Arabic Шаблон:IPA and Hejazi Шаблон:Lang 'with you' Шаблон:IPA vs. traditional Najdi Шаблон:IPA.

The marginal /ɫ/ is only used in the word Шаблон:Lang 'God' /aɫːaːh/ (except when it follows an Шаблон:IPA as in بسمِ الله Шаблон:IPA) and in words derived from it, It contrasts with /l/ in والله 'I swear' /waɫːa/ vs. ولَّا 'or' /walːa/. Unlike other neighboring dialects; Шаблон:IPA is not velarized in certain positions, as in Шаблон:Lang 'brain' pronounced with a light Lām Шаблон:IPA in Hejazi and velarized one Шаблон:IPA in other peninsular Arabic dialects. Two additional foreign sounds Шаблон:IPA ⟨پ⟩ and Шаблон:IPA ⟨ڤ⟩ are used by a number of speakers while many substitute them with Шаблон:IPA ⟨ب⟩ and Шаблон:IPA ⟨ف⟩ respectively, in general Шаблон:IPA is more integrated and used by more speakers than Шаблон:IPA.

A conservative feature that Hejazi holds is the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction, for example Шаблон:Lang 'we told them', is pronounced Шаблон:IPA in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA in Najdi and Gulf Arabic, in addition to that, the absence of initial consonant cluster (known as the ghawa syndrome) as in Шаблон:Lang 'cow', Шаблон:Lang 'coffee', Шаблон:Lang 'we know' and Шаблон:Lang 'she heard' which are pronounced Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively in Hejazi but Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in other peninsular dialects.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Hejazi
Labial Dental Denti-alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
plain emphatic
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Occlusive voiceless Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
voiced Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
voiced Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link ⁓ Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Trill Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Phonetic notes:

Vowels

Файл:Hejazi Arabic vowel chart.svg
Hejazi Arabic vowel chart, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Vowel phonemes of Hejazi
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA link

Phonetic notes:

Monophthongization

Most of the occurrences of the two diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in the Classical Arabic period underwent monophthongization in Hejazi, and are realized as the long vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively, but they are still preserved as diphthongs in a number of words which created a contrast with the long vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.

Example (without diacritics) Meaning Hejazi Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Шаблон:Lang league Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
my turn Шаблон:IPA
turn around! Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
search! Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization, some are from grammatical processes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'they said' → Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), and some occur in modern Portmanteau words e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'why?' (from Classical Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'for what' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'thing').

Vocabulary

Hejazi vocabulary derives primarily from Arabic Semitic roots. The urban Hejazi vocabulary differs in some respect from that of other dialects in the Arabian Peninsula. For example, there are fewer specialized terms related to desert life, and more terms related to seafaring and fishing. Loanwords are uncommon and they are mainly of French, Italian, Persian, Turkish and most recently of English origins, and due to the diverse origins of the inhabitants of Hejazi cities, some loanwords are used by only some families. Some old loanwords are fading or became obsolete due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic and their association with lower social class and education,[17] e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "air conditioner" (from English Condition) was replaced by Standard Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.

Most of the loanwords tend to be nouns e.g. Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "Bicycle", Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "balcony" and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "shrimp", and sometimes with a change of meaning as in: Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "overpass" from Turkish Шаблон:Wikt-lang originally meaning "bridge" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "water tanker truck" from English Шаблон:Wikt-lang and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "shoe" from Turkish Шаблон:Wikt-lang originally meaning "boot", loaned verbs which are less common include Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "to hack" from English "Шаблон:Wikt-lang" and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA "to agitate" from French "Шаблон:Wikt-lang" or English "Шаблон:Wikt-lang".

Words that are distinctly of Hejazi origin include Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA "now", Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "yes", Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "what?", Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "I want", Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "breast" (used with the more formal Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "hiccup", and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "already",[18] Other general vocabulary includes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "to leave" with its synonyms Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "to call over" with its synonym Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "good luck". (see vocabulary list)

Portmanteau

A common feature in Hejazi vocabulary is portmanteau words (also called a blend in linguistics); in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, it is especially innovative in making Interrogative words, examples include:

Numerals

The Cardinal number system in Hejazi is much more simplified than the Classical Arabic[19]

numbers 1-10 IPA 11-20 IPA 10s IPA 100s IPA
1 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 11 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 10 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 100 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
2 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 12 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 20 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 200 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA
3 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 13 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 30 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 300 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA
4 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 14 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 40 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 400 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
5 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 15 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 50 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 500 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
6 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 16 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 60 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 600 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
7 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 17 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 70 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 700 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
8 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 18 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 80 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA 800 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA
9 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 19 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 90 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 900 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
10 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 20 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 100 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 1000 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

A system similar to the German numbers system is used for other numbers between 20 and above: 21 is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA which literally mean ('one and twenty') and 485 is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA which literally mean ('four hundred and five and eighty').

Unlike Classical Arabic, the only number that is gender specific in Hejazi is "one" which has two forms Шаблон:Lang m. and Шаблон:Lang f. as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('one book') or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('one car'), with Шаблон:Lang being a masculine noun and Шаблон:Lang a feminine noun.

Grammar

Subject pronouns

In Hejazi Arabic, personal pronouns have eight forms. In singular, the 2nd and 3rd persons differentiate gender, while the 1st person and plural do not. The negative articles include Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('do not write!'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('he is not talking') and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('not like this') Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-3

Subject pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Transliteration انا Шаблон:Transliteration نحنَ / احنا
2nd masculine Шаблон:Transliteration َانت Шаблон:Transliteration انتو
feminine Шаблон:Transliteration ِانتي/انت
3rd masculine Шаблон:Transliteration َّهُو Шаблон:Transliteration هُمَّ
feminine Шаблон:Transliteration َّهِي

Шаблон:Col-2

Negative subject pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Transliteration ماني/مني Шаблон:Transliteration محنا
2nd masculine Шаблон:Transliteration َمنت Шаблон:Transliteration منتو
feminine Шаблон:Transliteration منتي
3rd masculine Шаблон:Transliteration مهو Шаблон:Transliteration ماهم/مهم
feminine Шаблон:Transliteration مهي

Шаблон:Col-end

Verbs

Hejazi Arabic verbs, as with the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of three, four, or even five consonants (but mainly three consonants) called a root (triliteral or quadriliteral according to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. Шаблон:Transliteration 'to write', Шаблон:Transliteration 'to eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as :

  • Two tenses (past, present; present progressive is indicated by the prefix (bi-), future is indicated by the prefix (ħa-))
  • Two voices (active, passive)
  • Two genders (masculine, feminine)
  • Three persons (first, second, third)
  • Two numbers (singular, plural)

Hejazi has two grammatical number in verbs (Singular and Plural) instead of the Classical (Singular, Dual and Plural), in addition to a present progressive tense which was not part of the Classical Arabic grammar. In contrast to other urban dialects the prefix (b-) is used only for present continuous as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "he is writing" while the habitual tense is without a prefix as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "I love you" f. unlike Шаблон:Lang in Egyptian and Levantine dialects and the future tense is indicated by the prefix (ħa-) as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "we will run".

Regular verbs

The most common verbs in Hejazi have a given vowel pattern for past (a and i) to present (a or u or i). Combinations of each exist:[20]

Vowel patterns Example
Past Present
a a raħam Шаблон:Lang he forgave – yirħam Шаблон:Lang he forgives
a u ḍarab Шаблон:Lang he hit – yiḍrub Шаблон:Lang he hits
a i ġasal Шаблон:Lang he washed – yiġsil Шаблон:Lang he washes
i a fihim Шаблон:Lang he understood – yifham Шаблон:Lang he understands
i i ʕirif Шаблон:Lang he knew – yiʕrif Шаблон:Lang he knows

According to Arab grammarians, verbs are divided into three categories; Past ماضي, Present Шаблон:Lang and Imperative Шаблон:Lang. An example from the root Шаблон:Transliteration the verb katabt/ʼaktub 'i wrote/i write' (which is a regular sound verb):

Verb Example (ك ت ب) (k t b) "to write"
Tense/Mood Past "wrote" Present (Indicative) "write" Imperative "write!"
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Lang (katab)-t Шаблон:Lang (katab)-na Шаблон:Lang ʼa-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang ni-(ktub)
2nd masculine Шаблон:Lang (katab)-t كتبتوا (katab)-tu Шаблон:Lang ti-(ktub) تكتبوا ti-(ktub)-u Шаблон:Lang [a]-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang [a]-(ktub)-u
feminine Шаблон:Lang (katab)-ti Шаблон:Lang ti-(ktub)-i Шаблон:Lang [a]-(ktub)-i
3rd masculine Шаблон:Lang (katab) كتبوا (katab)-u Шаблон:Lang yi-(ktub) يكتبوا yi-(ktub)-u
feminine Шаблон:Lang (katab)-at Шаблон:Lang ti-(ktub)

While present progressive and future are indicated by adding the prefix (b-) and (ħa-) respectively to the present (indicative) :

Tense/Mood Present Progressive "writing" Future "will write"
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ba-a-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang bi-ni-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ħa-a-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang ħa-ni-(ktub)
2nd masculine Шаблон:Lang bi-ti-(ktub) بتكتبوا bi-ti-(ktub)-u Шаблон:Lang ħa-ti-(ktub) حتكتبوا ħa-ti-(ktub)-u
feminine Шаблон:Lang bi-ti-(ktub)-i Шаблон:Lang ħa-ti-(ktub)-i
3rd masculine Шаблон:Lang bi-yi-(ktub) بيكتبوا bi-yi-(ktub)-u Шаблон:Lang ħa-yi-(ktub) حيكتبوا ħa-yi-(ktub)-u
feminine Шаблон:Lang bi-ti-(ktub) Шаблон:Lang ħa-ti-(ktub)

Example: katabt/aktub "write": non-finite forms

Number/Gender Шаблон:Lang Active Participle Шаблон:Lang Passive Participle Шаблон:Lang Verbal Noun
Masc. Sg. kātib كاتب maktūb مكتوب kitāba كتابة
Fem. Sg. kātb-a كاتبة maktūb-a مكتوبة
Pl. kātb-īn كاتبين maktūb-īn مكتوبين

Active participles act as adjectives, and so they must agree with their subject. An active participle can be used in several ways:

  1. to describe a state of being (understanding; knowing).
  2. to describe what someone is doing right now (going, leaving) as in some verbs like Шаблон:Lang ("i went") the active participle Шаблон:Lang ("i'm going") is used instead of present continuous form to give the same meaning of an ongoing action.
  3. to indicate that someone/something is in a state of having done something (having put something somewhere, having lived somewhere for a period of time).

Passive Voice

The passive voice is expressed through two patterns; (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA) or (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), while most verbs can take either pattern as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "it was written" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "it is being written", other verbs can only have one of the two patterns as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "he was stopped" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "he is being stopped".

Adjectives

In Hejazi, adjectives, demonstratives and verbs fully agree in gender and number,[21] e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "big boy" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "big girl". But there are two exceptions;[22] First, there is no agreement in dual number; e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "two girls" takes the plural adjective as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "two big girls". Second, and more importantly, gender agreement is syncretic in the plural, in which inanimate plural nouns take a feminine singular adjective e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "big cars" instead of the plural adjective, while animate plural nouns take the plural adjective as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "big girls". The plural feminine adjective Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA can be used as well but it is rather archaic.

Adjective Example "big"
Number/Gender Adjective Usage notes
Masc. Sg. kabīr Шаблон:Lang with singular masculine nouns
Fem. Sg. kabīra Шаблон:Lang with singular feminine and inanimate plural nouns
Common Pl. kubār Шаблон:Lang or kabīrīn Шаблон:Lang with dual (masculine or feminine) and animate plural (masculine or feminine) nouns

Pronouns

Enclitic pronouns

Enclitic forms of personal pronouns are suffixes that are affixed to various parts of speech, with varying meanings:

  • To the construct state of nouns, where they have the meaning of possessive demonstratives, e.g. "my, your, his".
  • To verbs, where they have the meaning of direct object pronouns, e.g. "me, you, him".
  • To verbs, where they have the meaning of indirect object pronouns, e.g. "(to/for) me,(to/for) you, (to/for) him".
  • To prepositions.

Unlike Egyptian Arabic, in Hejazi no more than one pronoun can be suffixed to a word.

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-3

Possessive Pronouns (nominal)[23]
Person Singular Plural
1st consonant+ vowel+
-i ـي -yya or -ya ـيّШаблон:Ref -na ـنا
2nd masculine m. -ak ـَك -k ـك -kum ـكم
feminine f. -ik ـِك -ki ـكي
3rd masculine m. -u ـُه -[ː] ـهШаблон:Ref -hum ـهم
feminine f. -ha ـها

Шаблон:Col-3

Direct Object Pronouns (verbal)
Person Singular Plural
1st consonant+ vowel+
-ni ـني -na ـنا
2nd masculine m. -ak ـَك -k ـك -kum ـكم
feminine f. -ik ـِك -ki ـكي
3rd masculine m. -u ـُه -[ː] ـهШаблон:Ref -hum ـهم
feminine f. -ha ـها

Шаблон:Col-3

Indirect Object Pronouns (verbal)
Person Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Transliteration لي Шаблон:Transliteration لنا
2nd masculine m. Шаблон:Transliteration لَك Шаблон:Transliteration لكم
feminine f. Шаблон:Transliteration لِك
3rd masculine m. Шаблон:Transliteration له Шаблон:Transliteration لهم
feminine f. Шаблон:Transliteration لها

Шаблон:Col-end

General Modifications:-

Hollow Verbs vowel shortening

Medial vowel shortening occurs in Hollow verbs (verbs with medial vowels ā, ū, ō, ē, ī) when added to Indirect object pronouns:[24]

Hollow Verb (ر و ح) (r w ḥ) "to go"
Tense/Mood Past "went" (ruḥ) Present (Indicative) "goes" (rūḥ) Imperative "go!" (rūḥ)
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Lang ruḥt Шаблон:Lang ruḥna Шаблон:Lang ʼarūḥ Шаблон:Lang nirūḥ
2nd masculine Шаблон:Lang ruḥt Шаблон:Lang ruḥtu Шаблон:Lang tirūḥ Шаблон:Lang tirūḥu Шаблон:Lang rūḥ Шаблон:Lang rūḥu
feminine Шаблон:Lang ruḥti Шаблон:Lang tirūḥi Шаблон:Lang rūḥi
3rd masculine Шаблон:Lang rāḥ Шаблон:Lang rāḥu Шаблон:Lang yirūḥ Шаблон:Lang yirūḥu
feminine Шаблон:Lang rāḥat Шаблон:Lang tirūḥ
Hollow Verb + Indirect Object Pronoun (-lu)
Tense/Mood Past "went" Present (Indicative) "goes" Imperative "go!"
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Шаблон:Lang ruḥt-allu Шаблон:Lang ruḥnā-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ʼaruḥ-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang niruḥ-lu
2nd masculine Шаблон:Lang ruḥt-allu Шаблон:Lang ruḥtū-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang tiruḥ-lu Шаблон:Lang tirūḥū-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ruḥ-lu Шаблон:Lang rūḥū-lu
feminine Шаблон:Lang ruḥtī-lu Шаблон:Lang tirūḥī-lu Шаблон:Lang rūḥī-lu
3rd masculine Шаблон:Lang raḥ-lu Шаблон:Lang rāḥō-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang yiruḥ-lu Шаблон:Lang yirūḥū-lu
feminine Шаблон:Lang rāḥat-lu Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang tiruḥ-lu

Writing system

Hejazi does not have a standardized form of writing and mostly follows Classical Arabic rules of writing.[25] The main difference between classical Arabic and Hejazi are the alternations of the Hamza, some verb forms and the final long vowels, this alternation happened since most word-final short vowels from the classical period have been omitted and most word-final unstressed long vowel have been shortened in Hejazi. Another alternation is writing the words according to the phoneme used while pronouncing them, rather than their etymology which mainly has an effect on the three letters Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, for example writing Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "thick, fat" instead of Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "tail" instead of Шаблон:Lang although this alternation in writing is not considered acceptable by many or most Hejazi speakers. The alphabet still uses the same set of letters as Classical Arabic in addition to two letters ⟨پ⟩ Шаблон:IPA and ⟨ڤ⟩ Шаблон:IPA which are only used in writing loanwords and they can be substituted by Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA respectively depending on the writer, in addition to that the vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA which were not part of the CA phonemic inventory are represented by the letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr respectively.

Differences Between Classical and Hejazi writing

Файл:Qur'anic Manuscript - 2 - Hijazi script.jpg
An Early Qur'anic manuscript written in Hejazi script (8th century AD)

Mistakes in Hejazi spelling

The table below shows the Arabic alphabet letters and their corresponding phonemes in Hejazi:

Letter Phonemes / Allophones (IPA) Example Pronunciation
ا Шаблон:IPAslink (see Шаблон:Angbr Hamza). Шаблон:Lang "he asked" Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "door", جا "he came" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink when word-final and unstressed Шаблон:Lang "we saw" Шаблон:IPA
only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي ,له ,لها and some words قال لي "he told me", راح لَها "he went to her" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
additional ∅ silent word-final only in plural verbs and after nunation Шаблон:Lang "they knew", Шаблон:Lang "thanks" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
ب Шаблон:IPAslink بِسَّة "cat" Шаблон:IPA
ت Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "berry" Шаблон:IPA
ث Шаблон:IPAslink or always / in some words as Шаблон:IPAslink ثَلْج "snow" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "stable" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
ج Шаблон:IPAslink جَوَّال "mobile phone" Шаблон:IPA
ح Шаблон:IPAslink حوش "courtyard" Шаблон:IPA
خ Шаблон:IPAslink خِرْقة "rag" Шаблон:IPA
د Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "closet" Шаблон:IPA
ذ Шаблон:IPAslink or always / in some words as Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "tail" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "taste" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
ر Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "sand" Шаблон:IPA
ز Шаблон:IPAslink زُحْليقة "slide" Шаблон:IPA
س Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "roof" Шаблон:IPA
ش Шаблон:IPAslink شيوَل "loader" Шаблон:IPA
ص Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "whistle" Шаблон:IPA
ض Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "molar" Шаблон:IPA
ط Шаблон:IPAslink طُرْقة "corridor" Шаблон:IPA
ظ Шаблон:IPAslink or always / in some words as Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "shade" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "envelope, case" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
ع Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "eye" Шаблон:IPA
غ Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "crow" Шаблон:IPA
ف Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "mouth" Шаблон:IPA
ق Шаблон:IPAslink قَلْب "heart" Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAblink an allophone in a number of words Шаблон:Lang "independence" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
ك Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "dog" Шаблон:IPA
ل Шаблон:IPAslink ليش؟ "why?" Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink a marginal phoneme only in the word Шаблон:Lang and words derived from it Шаблон:Lang "god" Шаблон:IPA
م Шаблон:IPAslink مويَة "water" Шаблон:IPA
ن Шаблон:IPAslink نَجَفة "chandelier" Шаблон:IPA
هـ Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "air" Шаблон:IPA
silent when word-final in 3rd person masculine singular pronouns and some words Шаблон:Lang "his book", Шаблон:Lang "they saw him" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
و Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "rose" Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "wake up!", Шаблон:Lang "is not" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "above, up", Шаблон:Lang "they came" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink when word-final and unstressed Шаблон:Lang "asthma" Шаблон:IPA
only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي ,له ,لها Шаблон:Lang "go to her" also written as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
ي Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "hand" Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "whites pl.", Шаблон:Lang f. "this" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang "eggs", Шаблон:Lang "on him" Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink when word-final and unstressed Шаблон:Lang "saudi" Шаблон:IPA
only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي ,له ,لها Шаблон:Lang "you bring me" also written as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Additional non-native letters
پ Шаблон:IPAslink (can be written and/or pronounced as Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink depending on the speaker) Шаблон:Lang "pizza" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
ڤ Шаблон:IPAslink (can be written and/or pronounced as Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink depending on the speaker) Шаблон:Lang "virus" Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

Notes:

Rural dialects

The varieties of Arabic spoken in the smaller towns and by the bedouin tribes in the Hejaz region are relatively under-studied. However, the speech of some tribes shows much closer affinity to other bedouin dialects, particularly those of neighboring Najd, than to those of the urban Hejazi cities. The dialects of northern Hejazi tribes merge into those of Jordan and Sinai, while the dialects in the south merge with those of 'Asir and Najd. Also, not all speakers of these bedouin dialects are figuratively nomadic bedouins; some are simply sedentary sections that live in rural areas, and thus speak dialects similar to those of their bedouin neighbors.

Al-'Ula

The dialect of Al-'Ula governorate in the northern part of the Madinah region. Although understudied, it is considered to be unique among the Hejazi dialects, it is known for its pronunciation of Classical Arabic Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA as a Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA (e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), the dialect also shows a tendency to pronounce long Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPAblink (e.g. Classical Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:Lang [meːʔ]), in some instances the Classical Шаблон:IPA becomes a Шаблон:IPAslink as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, also the second person singular feminine pronoun Шаблон:IPA tends to be pronounced as /iʃ/ (e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('your foot') becomes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.[26]

Badr

The dialect of Badr governorate in the western part of the Madinah region is mainly noted for its lengthening of word-final syllables and its alternative pronunciation of some phonemes as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA which is pronounced as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, it also shares some features with the general urban dialect in which modern standard Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, another unique feature of the dialect is its similarity to the Arabic dialects of Bahrain.

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Languages of Saudi Arabia Шаблон:Varieties of Arabic Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Blanc 1969: 11, Travelling Through Time, Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt "Numerals: a comparative study between classical and hijazi arabic"
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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