Английская Википедия:Hemp in Kentucky

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:PSM V54 D031 Spreading hemp in kentucky.jpg
Kentucky hemp harvest, 1895

Kentucky was the greatest producer of hemp in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was the source of three fourths of U.S. hemp fiber. Production started to decline after World War I due to the rise of tobacco as the cash crop in Kentucky and the foreign competition of hemp fibers and finished products. In 1970, federal policies virtually banned the production of industrial hemp during the war on drugs saying all Cannabis sativa is a Schedule I controlled substance. Federal law under the Agricultural Act of 2014 allowed research back into hemp. Kentucky began production again with 33 acres in 2014. As of the 2016 harvest season, only two U.S. states other than Kentucky had over Шаблон:Convert in hemp production: Colorado and Tennessee. The first 500-acre commercial crop was planted in Harrison County in 2017, and research permits were issued for over Шаблон:Convert that year. The 2016 documentary Harvesting Liberty concerns the 21st century Kentucky hemp industry.

History

Шаблон:Further

Early cultivation

Файл:Hempfieldkentucky1898.jpg
19th century Kentucky hemp field
Файл:USDA 1942 Hemp Seed Supply.jpg
Soldiers in a Kentucky warehouse guarding seed for the 1943 hemp crop

In the 18th century, John Filson wrote in Kentucke and the Adventures of Col. Daniel Boone (an appendix of his 1784 work The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke) of the quality of Kentucky's land and climate for hemp production.Шаблон:Sfn The first hemp crop in Kentucky was raised near Danville in 1775.[1][2][3]

Kentucky was the greatest producer of U.S. hemp in the 19th and 20th centuries, with thousands of acres of hemp in production.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Senator Henry Clay was a "hemp pioneer" and the "strongest advocate" of Kentucky hemp. He grew it on his Kentucky estate Ashland and brought new seeds to the state from Asia.[4][5][6][7] Clay's oratory on the Senate floor in 1810 in favor of requiring the Navy to use domestic hemp exclusively for ship's rigging was widely reprinted in newspapers and is credited for beginning the elaboration of the American System.Шаблон:Sfn According to a 1902 periodical, Kentucky was responsible for three quarters of U.S. hemp fiber production.[8] Shelby County was one of the main producing counties of hemp. Supposedly Hempridge Road received its name from Senator Henry Clay.  It is said that local residents presented Clay with a walking stick fashioned from a hemp stalk. Clay was so delighted that he reportedly declared any community  producing such a hempstalk should be “known as Hempridge.[9]” Production reached a peak in 1917 at 18,000 acres, mostly grown in the Bluegrass region, then waned due to market forces after World War I as other sources of fiber were introduced.Шаблон:Sfn[10] A Federal program to reintroduce hemp for wartime needs in Kentucky and other states during World War II reached 52,000 acres in Kentucky in 1943.[11]Шаблон:Rp The WWII effort is documented in the U.S. Department of Agriculture film Hemp for Victory .[12]

Decline and criminalization

Production of hemp had seen a decline after World War I due to market forces including the rise of tobacco as the cash crop of choice in Kentucky and foreign sources of hemp fiber and finished products.Шаблон:Sfn The availability of cheap synthetic fiber after World War II even further discouraged farmers from growing it.[13]

Federal policies, tightened by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, virtually banned the production of industrial hemp during the war on drugs. According to an industry group, "the 1970 Act abolished the taxation approach [of the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act] and effectively made all cannabis cultivation illegal".[14] The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) refused to issue permits for legal hemp cultivationШаблон:Efn and held that, since industrial hemp is from the same species plant as prohibited cannabis (despite its being of lower THC yield), both were prohibited under the Controlled Substances Act.[13][15] In the words of a 2015 PBS NewsHour segment on hemp, "[t]o the federal government, hemp is just as illegal as marijuana",[16] and according to Newsweek, "all cannabis sativa—whether grown to ease chronic pain, get stoned or make rope—is a schedule I controlled substance".[5]

During this criminalized period, the Cornbread Mafia began its illegal cultivation of marijuana by cross-breeding imported cannabis seeds with native hemp plants left behind after the "Hemp For Victory" period in World War II.[17]

Partial re-legalization

By the late 20th century, consumer demand for hemp products was resurgent but American farmers were left as bystanders. Imported agricultural products were allowed from other countries, including Canada, but growing hemp legally was not possible in the United States.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn In 1994, Kentucky was one of the first states to consider reintroducing hemp cultivation, with a commission convened by governor Brereton Jones to investigate legal pathways to do so.Шаблон:Sfn In 2013, Kentucky passed a state law, Senate Bill 50, allowing production for agricultural research purposes. Although the Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2013, which would have allowed hemp production, failed,[11]Шаблон:Rp agricultural hemp was allowed by federal law under the Agricultural Act of 2014 (farm bill).[5][18] 33 acres in 2014,[19] 922 acres in 2015,[19] 2,350 in 2016,[19] 12,800 acres in 2017,[20] and 6,700 acres in 2018.[21] Шаблон:As of harvest season, only two U.S. states other than Kentucky had over Шаблон:Convert in hemp production: Colorado and Tennessee.[22]

The Шаблон:Vanchor was conducted under the auspices of the Kentucky Department of Agriculture. Research at the University of Kentucky's Spindletop Research Farm sought to improved agronomy and includes research on optimizing cannabinoid yield.[23][24] The first research crops at Spindletop and Murray State University were planted in May 2014, with seed obtained from California and, after a legal battle with the DEA, imported from Italy.[25][26] The researchers are also engineering new mechanical harvesters that can reach the Шаблон:Convert high flowers of tall-growing hemp.[27] The first 500-acre commercial crop was planted in Harrison County in 2017,[28] and research permits were issued for over Шаблон:Convert that year.[29]

Legal status

Under federal law, the THC present in both cannabis and hemp remains a Schedule I controlled substance.Шаблон:Sfn Under state law, all hemp grown in compliance with the 2014 farm bill must have a delta-9 THC content not more than 0.3%.[30] Farmers participating in the program must use seeds provided by an educational institution with a DEA license and use varieties expected to be low in THC. A sample of each farmer's hemp crop is tested by the state.[19][31]

Under the 2018 United States farm bill, commodity hemp production was federally legalized.[32]

Production

Файл:Made with Kentucky hemp product label.jpg
Cosmetic product made from Kentucky hemp

Businesses exist in Kentucky which provide agricultural products based on hemp or supporting hemp production. Cynthiana-based Ananda Hemp has been operating in the Commonwealth since 2014.[33]

Oil extraction

Testing of a $400,000 oil extraction facility in Winchester began in March 2016, with full production capacity of Шаблон:Convert per hour expected by the end of the year.[34] GenCanna and Atalo Holdings are hopeful of turning their property at Winchester into a "Hemp Research Campus".[5]

Seed production

Three varieties of hemp seed from Lexington seed company Шаблон:Vanchor were the first to be certified by Colorado Department of Agriculture.[35] Certified in late 2016 for the 2017 Colorado crop, the varieties were originally from Italy and Serbia.[36][37]

Documentaries and Books

Documentary films concerning Kentucky hemp have included Hemp for Victory (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1942) and Harvesting Liberty (Mike Lewis, 2016), which shows farmers in rural Kentucky considering hemp farming for food, fuel and fiber.[38][39]

The nonfiction book, The Cornbread Mafia by James Higdon has 14 references to Kentucky hemp.[40]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Use mdy datesШаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Hemp in the United States

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web (search marker 1279 to locate record)
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Newsweek не указан текст
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок AgEcon2013 не указан текст
  12. ↑ Hemp for Victory transcript via Schaffer Library of Drug Policy: "This film is designed to tell farmers how to handle this ancient crop now little known outside Kentucky and Wisconsin." Accessed February 24, 2019.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Yes не указан текст
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Newshour2015 не указан текст
  17. ↑ James Higdon The Cornbread Mafia, Lyons Press, 2012, p. xviii
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Roenker2016 не указан текст
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Mason2016 не указан текст
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  21. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок AP20181128 не указан текст
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Pratt2015 не указан текст
  24. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок KYAg не указан текст
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Haire2016 не указан текст
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ The Cornbread Mafia by James Higdon Lyons Press, 2012
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