Английская Википедия:Hen (pronoun)

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Файл:Hen - The Swedish pronoun.svg

Visual illustration of the two gendered pronouns and Шаблон:Lang by merged gender symbols

Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-sv) is a gender-neutral personal pronoun in Swedish intended as an alternative to the gender-specific Шаблон:Lang ("she") and Шаблон:Lang ("he"). It can be used when the gender of a person is not known or when it is not desirable to specify them as either a "she" or "he". The word was first proposed in 1966, and again in 1994, with reference to the Finnish Шаблон:Lang, a personal pronoun that is gender-neutral, since Finnish does not have grammatical genders. However, it did not receive widespread recognition until around 2010, when it began to be used in some books, magazines and newspapers, and provoked media debates and controversy over feminism, gender neutrality, and parenting. In July 2014, it was announced that Шаблон:Lang would be included in Svenska Akademiens ordlista, the official spelling dictionary of the Swedish Academy. In April 2015, the gender neutral pronoun hen and 13,000 other new words were added in a new official dictionary of the Swedish language. Today, some believe the word has lost some of its feminist-activist connotation in Sweden as it is used in the media, court rulings and books.

Initially, it was treated as a neologism and faced opposition by some, including the major newspaper Шаблон:Lang that banned it in 2012, but later started using the pronoun. The Swedish Language Council has not issued any proscriptions against the use of Шаблон:Lang, but recommends the inflected forms Шаблон:Lang ("her(s)/his") as the possessive form and the object form Шаблон:Lang ("her/him") over Шаблон:Lang, which also occurs. Шаблон:Lang has two basic usages: as a way to avoid a stated preference to either gender; or as a way of referring to individuals who are agender, genderqueer or non-binary.

Linguistic background

The Swedish language has a set of personal pronouns which is more or less identical in form to that of English. The common pronouns used for human beings are either Шаблон:Lang ("he") or Шаблон:Lang ("she"). While Swedish and Danish historically had the same set of three grammatical genders as modern German, with masculine, feminine and neuter, the three-gender system fell out of use from the dialects out of which the respective standard languages were developing sometime in the late Middle Ages. The system contracted so that words of masculine and feminine gender folded into a common gender while the neuter gender remained. In Swedish and Danish, there are two words that would translate to the English pronoun "it": Шаблон:Lang for common gender words and Шаблон:Lang for neuter gender words. Both are gender-neutral in the sense of not referring to male or female, but they are not used to refer to human beings except in specific circumstances.

History of usage

Attempts to introduce Шаблон:Lang as a gender-neutral pronoun date back to 1966 when linguist Rolf Dunås suggested it in the regional newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning. In 1994, it was again proposed by linguist Hans Karlgren in the national newspaper Шаблон:Lang as a practical alternative to more complicated literary alternatives, noting its similarity to Finnish Шаблон:Lang. In 2007, the feminist cultural magazine Ful became the first periodical to adopt a consistent usage of Шаблон:Lang. By 2009, Nationalencyklopedin, the modern standard Swedish encyclopedia, had created an article about Шаблон:Lang describing it as a "suggested gender-neutral personal pronoun instead of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang".

In January 2012, the children's book Шаблон:Lang ("Kivi and Monster Dog") by Jesper Lundqvist was published. The book consistently used Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang and sparked a lively media debate. In the February 2012 issue of Nöjesguiden, a Stockholm-based arts and entertainment monthly, Шаблон:Lang was used consistently in all texts with the exception of direct quotes. By late 2012, the word had generated so much publicity that Hufvudstadsbladet, Finland's largest Swedish-language newspaper by circulation, declared that "hen is here to stay".

In November 2012, Swedish linguist Per Ledin made a survey of the use of Шаблон:Lang in a corpus of Swedish blogs. His conclusion was that use among bloggers had been rising steadily from 2009 to 2012 and that it should be considered as an established word. However, Шаблон:Lang accounted for just 0.001% of total usage of personal pronouns.

The airline Norwegian employed the term in an ad campaign in 2012 as a tongue-in-cheek provocation with the slogan "The businessHEN's airline". By late 2012, Шаблон:Lang began to see use in official documents in some government agencies. The Court of Appeal for Lower Norrland applied the term in a ruling on official misconduct by a police officer.

Шаблон:Lang appeared in an official political context for the first time in February 2013 when Swedish Minister for Gender Equality Maria Arnholm used it in a debate in the Riksdag, the Swedish parliament. In commenting on the debate afterwards, Arnholm described the word as "a practical way of simplifying" and "a smart way of developing language". By 2013, Boden Municipality had adopted manuals of style to be used by their employees in an official context where Шаблон:Lang was recommended "to avoid repetition of he/she in texts where sex is unclear or where we wish to include both sexes".

By early 2014, Шаблон:Lang had become an established term both in traditional media and among bloggers. The language periodical Språktidningen concluded that the instances of usage had gone from one instance for every 13,000 uses of Шаблон:Lang to just under 1 in 300. In late July 2014, the Swedish Academy announced that in April 2015, Шаблон:Lang would be included in Svenska Akademiens ordlista, the most authoritative spelling dictionary on the Swedish language. Its entry will cover two definitions: as a reference to individuals belonging to a specified sex or third gender, or where the sex is not known. In May 2015, Шаблон:Lang was introduced in legal text (the driver's license law), in the self-ruling area Åland, a part of Finland which is officially Swedish-speaking.

Recommendations

While the Swedish Language Council, the primary regulatory body of the Swedish language, suggests Шаблон:Lang as one of several gender-neutral constructions, the word is not necessarily recommended above the alternatives. Rather, the Council advises the reader to use whichever construction is more contextually apt, considering the target audience. Alternatives to Шаблон:Lang include Шаблон:Lang, equivalent to English it; rewriting as plural, which is ungendered in Swedish much like in English; repeating the noun instead of using a pronoun or using Шаблон:Lang ("he or she"). The council also recommends against using the object form Шаблон:Lang ("her/him") with the reasoning that it is too similar to Шаблон:Lang ("him"), which undermines the gender-neutral intention of the word, and that the case system on which the form is based is a remnant that is no longer used in Swedish; Шаблон:Lang is instead recommended as both the subject and object form (as in Шаблон:Lang; "I saw him/her") while Шаблон:Lang is the recommended possessive form (i.e. "her(s)/his").

After the use of Шаблон:Lang by the Minister for Gender Equality, and following a meeting of the Speaker of the Riksdag together with party representatives, the Parliament made an official announcement that Шаблон:Lang should not be used in official government documents, but that individual members of parliament are free to use it in spoken debates and written motions. A handful of other authorities, such as the Equality Ombudsman and the National Financial Management Authority, use the pronoun routinely.

Debate

From an early stage, Шаблон:Lang has generated controversy and reactions in media. In 2010, the early use of the word prompted reactions of ridicule and skepticism. Columnist Lisa Magnusson taunted it as a "mega-feminist piece of poultry", In early 2012, a series of interviews and articles about the use of Шаблон:Lang in Шаблон:Lang, one of Sweden's leading newspapers, generated widespread debate. Referring to young children as Шаблон:Lang was considered especially controversial, sparking critical reactions from the general public, officials within public daycare and media pundits.

In September 2012, Шаблон:Lang issued a ban on the use of Шаблон:Lang in its articles on the advice of chief editor Gunilla Herlitz. As a reaction to this, journalist and programmer Oivvio Polite created the website dhen.se, a site that mirrored the content of the paper's online edition, but with all instances of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang replaced with Шаблон:Lang. An employee at Dagens Nyheter reacted by filing a complaint to the police against dhen.se for violating Swedish copyright law, but later retracted his accusation when the newspaper's management proved unwilling to pursue legal action.

The most controversial aspect of the use of Шаблон:Lang has been vis-à-vis young children, especially in public schools. Egalia, a preschool in Södermalm, an upper middle-class borough in central Stockholm, had been at the forefront of gender-neutral pedagogy, and quickly adopted the use of Шаблон:Lang. This policy sparked debate and controversy in Sweden and received widespread attention in international media in 2011–2012.

See also

• Spivak pronoun
• Gender-neutral language
• Gender-neutral pronoun
  • Pronoun game
• Feminist language planning
• Lavender linguistics

References

• Pettersson, Gertrud (1996) Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande. Studentlitteratur, Lund. Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:OCLC