Английская Википедия:Henri Duponchel

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Henri Duponchel (28 July 1794 – 8 April 1868)[1] was in turn a French architect, interior designer, costume designer, stage designer, stage director, managing director of the Paris Opera, and a silversmith. He has often been confused with Charles-Edmond Duponchel, a contemporary who also lived and worked in Paris.[2]

Early life and training as a painter

He was born Henry Duponchel on the rue des Lombards in Paris to Pierre-Henry Duponchel (c. 1752 – 18 October 1821), who ran a grocery-hardware store, and Marie-Geneviève-Victoire Théronenne (d. 8 August 1842). The family subsequently moved to the rue Sainte-Croix de la Bretonnerie. According to early biographies Duponchel took lessons from the painter and theatre enthusiast Pierre Guérin and was a fellow student with Eugène Delacroix.[3] Duponchel and Delacroix remained good friends, and many years later, in 1831, Duponchel recommended Delacroix as a traveling companion and artist for an extended trip to Morocco with the diplomat Count Charles de Mornay. Duponchel, who did not himself know Mornay, had some influence through his friendship with the actress Mademoiselle Mars, who was Mornay's mistress. After returning from the trip, Delacroix created one of his more famous paintings, Women of Algiers (1834).[4]

Architect and interior designer

Шаблон:Multiple images

Early biographers also say that Duponchel attended courses in architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts, but this must be viewed with caution as there is no record of it in the student registers. At the time of his father's death in 1821, he had in effect become an architect, but some sources cast doubt on this, saying that he was an amateur and unaware of the technical side of the subject. Later, in February 1861, Duponchel collaborated with two other more well-established architects, Botrel[5] and Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi, and submitted an architectural project in a competition for the design of a new opera house. G. Bourdin wrote unfavourably in Le Figaro that the designs were remarkable in revealing that, while Duponchel had studied the subject, it was not likely that he had completed a diploma, and that to call him an architect was an overstatement. He also pointed out that throughout his career Duponchel habitually benefited from collaboration with others. However, when the results were announced Duponchel and his collaborators won the second place prize of 4,000 francs out of 170 entrants.[6]

The first records of Duponchel's work activities are in the areas of architecture and interior decoration. At the end of 1818 he was associated with a young architect by the name of Léonard-Ferdinand Verneuil, but in what capacity is not clear. Verneuil's father-in-law was the director of the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, and this may have been an important influence. Duponchel may have also served with Camille Piron as architect for the hôtel particulier (town house) of Baron James de Rothschild, and it is generally agreed that at minimum he provided neoclassical decor for the ballroom and neo-Pompeian for the billiards room. Pierre Cicéri and Lebe-Gigun, scene painters at the Opéra, did the decorative painting, which initiated relationships that were to prove significant for Duponchel's subsequent career. The work also inaugurated an important patronage from the Baron. Continuing his association with Piron, Duponchel also executed in 1821 a neo-Pompeian decor for the hôtel of the actor Talma on the rue de la Tour-des-Dames. In 1826 he oversaw the construction of an elegant, small hôtel in Italian renaissance style on an unusual site located between the garden and court of the Hôtel de Bourrienne on the rue d'Hauteville.[7]

Stage designer and director

Файл:Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri - Eugène Cicéri - Philippe Benoist - Adolphe Jean Baptiste Bayot - Décorations de théâtre, Robert le diable, 3e act.jpg
Scene of the "Ballet of the Dead Nuns" in Robert le diable (1831), a co-design of Cicéri and Duponchel[8]

Duponchel worked as a stage designer at the Comédie-Française, where in 1827 he collaborated as a costume designer with Cicéri as the scenery designer in creating a 15th-century setting for Jean-Marie Mély-Janin's play Louis XI (15 February 1827).[9] Soon thereafter Duponchel joined Cicéri at the Opéra. On 8 August 1827, at the ballerina Marie Taglioni's sixth and final performance in her debut at the Paris Opera in the ballet Le Sicilien (23 July), Duponchel created a new tradition by throwing a crown of white roses on the stage at her curtain calls, the first time flowers had ever been thrown on the stage at that theatre.[10]

Duponchel also became a stage director, working on almost all productions at the Opéra from about 1828 up to 1849, beginning with Auber's La muette de Portici[11] and including Halévy's La juive,[12] Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots (a production costing 160,000 francs),[13] and ending with Meyerbeer's Le prophète.[11] Alphonse Royer called him the "Alexander of the mise-en-scène."[11] He was an innovative stage designer who promoted the introduction of "local colour" not previously a characteristic of productions at the Opera.[14] [11] With Cicéri, he co-designed stage setting for Filippo Taglioni's ghostly "Ballet of the Dead Nuns" in Act 3 of Meyerbeer's opera Robert le diable (1831). (Marie Taglioni danced Hélèna, the Mother Superior.)[15][16] The ballet scenario was Duponchel's own suggestion, replacing the previously intended staid scenario set on Olympus. Duponchel had also introduced new technical tricks, including English traps for the sudden appearance and disappearance of the ghosts. This scene became so famous that it was remembered until the end of the century. Meyebeer even began to complain that the spectacle was too much and was pushing his music into the background.[17] The press coined the term "Duponchellerie" to refer to scenic spectacles that were considered excessive.[18] Duponchel also collaborated with Hygin-Auguste Cavé in writing the libretto of Halévy's 1832 'ballet-opéra' La tentation.[19]

Impresario

Файл:Chambre à coucher de Duponchel à l'Opéra - Tamvaco 2000 fig76.jpg
Duponchel's bedchamber at the Opéra's Salle Le Peletier, designed by Jean-Jacques Feuchère (1836)

Duponchel's official positions at the Opéra had included Inspecteur du matériel de la scène (1829–31) and Directeur de la scène (1831–1835), but after Louis Véron retired in 1835, Duponchel became sole Directeur on 1 September 1835, and joint Directeur with Édouard Monnais on 1 December 1835.[20] It was a financially difficult period at the Opéra after Louis Véron's retirement. The state subvention to the theatre had dropped from a high of 870,000 francs per annum to as low as 620,000 francs, about one third of the annual budget. Duponchel formed an alliance with Marie-Alexander Aguado, who helped to underwrite the deficit. Continuing to have difficulty, Duponchel formed a co-directorship with Léon Pillet on 1 June 1840, but the two men had a quarrel and Duponchel withdrew, returning to his former position as scenic director, in October 1841. Aguado died in 1842 creating further financial problems, and Pillet formed an intimate relationship with the singer Rosine Stoltz, favoring her in the selection of roles at the Opéra and causing dissension within the company and with the public. After being severely attacked in the press, and with his losses mounting, he was forced to retire in October 1847. Duponchel then rejoined the administration of the Opéra in a co-directorship with Nestor Roqueplan. Duponchel retired from all types of work in opera in November 1849.[21]

Premieres (except as noted) during Duponchel's two periods as director of the Opéra included:[22]

  • First directorship (1 September 1835 – October 1841)
  • Second directorship (October 1847 – November 1849)
    • Verdi's Jérusalem, grand opera in 4 acts (26 November 1847)
    • Meyerbeer's Le prophète, grand opera in 5 acts (16 April 1849)

Gold and silver dealer and manufacturer

Файл:Portrait of Mme Duponchel - sketch by Feuchère - Tamvaco 2000 fig75.jpg
Portrait of Madame Duponchel, design by Jean-Jacques Feuchère for a miniature setting in precious metal

On 11 February 1842, not long after Duponchel first quit as director of the Opéra, he signed a contract with the silversmith and lapidary, Jean-Valentin Morel, who had formerly been in the workshop of Jean-Baptiste Fossin. Totally ignorant of silversmithing, Duponchel brought to the enterprise taste and energy, as well as considerable capital, acquired from the sale of his opera privilège to Pillet for 500,000 francs. Having been to London in 1825, 1836 and 1838, he was convinced that the state of the art of silversmithing in France was comparable to that in England. Their venture, set up in an apartment at 39 rue Neuve-Saint-Augustin and called Morel & Cie, became very successful. At the exhibition of 1844 Morel received a gold medal.[24]

By the end of 1846, however, disagreements had sprung up between the two associates, resulting in a lawsuit won by Duponchel, which brought about the dissolution of the partnership, and awarded him sole possession of the property and merchandise. Morel was forbidden to continue with silversmithing in Paris and moved his business to London in a partnership with Fossin's son Jules.[25][26] In the meantime, Duponchel had regained his directorship at the Opéra, where he remained until 13 November 1849, but also continued to successfully operate the gold and silver business with other associates as shown by their participation in the exposition of 1849.[27]

Файл:Minerve par Simart et Duponchel - Bouilhet 1910 - Internet Archive (adjusted).jpg
Minerve by Simart and Duponchel (1855)

The firm's masterpiece is the ivory and silver chryselephantine sculpture Minerve, commissioned by the Duke of Luynes for the salle des fêtes in his Château of Dampierre. The statue is a reproduction of the ancient Greek sculptor Phidias's Athena Parthenos, known to the Romans as Minerva. The sculptor Pierre-Charles Simart began creating the model in the spring of 1844, and the Maison Duponchel began its execution in 1846, finishing in 1851. Silver was used for the goddess's tunic and shield, and bronze for the serpent and weapons. Ivory was used for the areas of flesh: the goddess's face, neck, arms, and feet; the torso of Victory (held in the goddess's hand); and the head of Medusa on the shield. The concave side of the shield depicts the combat between the Amazons and the Athenians, and the convex side, a battle between the Giants and the Gods. The sandals depict the dispute of the Centaurs with the Lapiths. The repoussé and chasing was done by Delagrange de Lagny. The statue stands on a marble pedestal with bas-reliefs showing Pandora receiving gifts from the gods. The finished statue including the pedestal is more than nine feet tall, and it was exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition of 1855. To Duponchel's great annoyance, the organizers required him to exhibit the work in the Palais des Beaux-Arts, rather than the Palais de l'Industrie, which was drawing far larger crowds. Despite this, the piece attracted much attention, both at the exhibit and in the press, and it won a Medal of Honour.[28]

Later career

Файл:Père-Lachaise - Division 16 - Nato 01.jpg
Tomb of Henri Duponchel in Père Lachaise Cemetery

Duponchel's gold and silver business remained successful, but architecture and opera continued to attract him. He collaborated occasionally with several of his designer colleagues from the Opéra, including Charles-Antoine Cambon, Pierre Cicéri, Jules Diéterle, and Édouard Desplechin, as well as Шаблон:Ill. In 1854 he was again a candidate for director of the Opéra, but was not selected.[29]

In 1861 Duponchel joined the Théâtre du Vaudeville as a scenic designer, with J. J. Dormeuil as artistic director and the entrepreneur Benou in charge of the financial side. He did not try to recreate the spectacular displays he had used at the Opéra, but rather continued to develop the realistic settings which had already been established at that theatre in the previous decade.[30]

Duponchel was described by Heinrich Heine as "a thin, yellow man with a face like an undertaker."[31] He died in Paris at age 73, and tried to leave his gold business, which was quite valuable, to his son, Ludovic-Maxime (born 15 October 1832). However, Ludovic's mother Marie-Joséphine Blanchard (1810–1896) gained control of it in November 1869, and it soon disappeared.[32] Duponchel is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Honours

Notes

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Bibliography

  • Boudin, Amédée (1868). Le Panthéon de la Légion d'Honneur. Tome II, obituary of Duponchel. Paris: Bureaux, 5 passage Chausson.
  • Bouilhet, Henri (1910). L' orfèvrerie française aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Vol. 2: L 'orfèvrerie française au XIXe siècle. Première période. Paris: Laurens. View at Internet Archive.
  • Bourdin, G. (14 February 1861). "Concours public pour la nouvelle salle d'opéra", Le Figaro.
  • Brault, Élie; Du Bois, Alexandre ([1893]). Les Architectes par leurs oeuvres (3 volumes, in French). Paris: H. Laurens. Шаблон:OCLC. Elibron Classics (2005–2006 reprint): Шаблон:OCLC.
  • Brzoska, Matthias (2003) "Meyerbeer: Robert le Diable and Les Huguenots", translated by Christopher Smith, in Charlton 2003, pp. 189–207.
  • Cairns, David (1999). Berlioz. Volume Two. Servitude and Greatness 1832–1869. London: Allen Lane. The Penguin Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Carlson, Marvin (1972). The French Stage in the Nineteenth Century. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Carnegy, Patrick (2006). Wagner and the art of the theatre. New Haven: Yale University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Charlton, David, editor (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Chouquet, Gustave (1873). Histoire de la musique dramatique en France (in French). Paris: Didot. View at Google Books.
  • Delaire, E. (1907). 1793–1907: Les Architectes élèves de l'école des Beaux-Arts, second edition. Paris: Librairie de la Construction moderne. View at Google Books.
  • Dion-Tenenbaum, Anne (1997). "Multiple Duponchel", in Revue de l'Art, vol 116, pp. 66–75. Шаблон:ISSN.
  • Énault, Louis (12 April 1868). La Vogue parisienne, 3rd year, no. 17.
  • Gerhard, Anselm (1998). The Urbanization of Opera: Music theatre in Paris in the Nineteenth Century, translated from German to English by Mary Whittall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Guest, Ivor (1956). Fanny Cerrito: The Life of a Romantic Ballerina. London: Phoenix House. Шаблон:OCLC.
  • Guest, Ivor, editor (1981). Letters from a Ballet-Master: The Correspondence of Arthur Saint-Léon. London: Dance Books. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Guest, Ivor (2008). The Romantic Ballet in Paris. Alton, Hampshire, UK: Dance Books. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Holomon, D. Kern (1992). "Berlioz, Hector" in Sadie 1992, vol. 1, pp. 434–439.
  • Huebner, Steven (1992). "Duponchel, Charles (Edmond)" in Sadie 1992, vol. 1, p. 1279.
  • Huebner, Steven (1992). "Robert le diable" in Sadie 1992, vol. 3, pp. 1357–9.
  • Jacques, Annie (1986). La carrière de l'architecte au XIXe siècle. Exposition-dossier du musée d'Orsay. Paris. Listing Шаблон:Webarchive at the Musée d'Orsay website.
  • Johnston, William R. (1985). "II Later Ivories" in Randall 1985, pp. 281–289.
  • Kelly, Thomas Forrest (2004). First Nights at the Opera. New Haven: Yale University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Lacombe, Hervé (2001). The Keys to French Opera in the Nineteenth Century, translated by Edward Schneider. Berkeley: University of California Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Lacombe, Hervé (2003). "The 'machine' and the state", translated by Christopher Smith, in Charlton 2003, pp. 21–42.
  • Larousse, Pierre (1870). Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, vol. 6. Paris. View at Internet Archive.
  • Ledru-Rollin; Levesque, J. A. (1847). Journal du Palais. Recueil le plus complet de jurisprudence française. Tome II. Paris: Bureaux, rue des Grands-Augustins, 7. View at Google Books.
  • Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2007). Giacomo Meyerbeer: A Reader. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Marrinan, Michael (2009). Romantic Paris: Histories of a Cultural Landscape, 1800–1850. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Mead, Christopher Curtis (1991). Charles Garnier's Paris Opéra: Architectural Empathy and the Renaissance of French Classicism, p. 185. New York: The Architectural History Foundation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Pitou, Spire (1990). The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Growth and Grandeur, 1815–1914. New York: Greenwood Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Randall, Richard H., Jr. (1985). Masterpieces of Ivory from the Walters Art Gallery. New York: Hudson Hills Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Smith, Marian (2003). 'Dance and Dancers' in Charlton (2003), pp. 93–108.
  • Tamvaco, Jean-Louis (2000). Les Cancans de l'Opéra. Chroniques de l'Académie Royale de Musique et du théâtre, à Paris sous les deux restorations (2 volumes, in French). Paris: CNRS Editions. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Turner, Jane (editor, 1998). The Dictionary of Art, reprinted with minor corrections, 34 volumes. New York: Grove. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Vapereau, G. (1858). Dictionnaire universel des contemporains. Paris: Hachette. View at Internet Archive.
  • Walsh, T. J. (1981). Second Empire Opera: The Théâtre Lyrique Paris 1851–1870. New York: Riverrun Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Whiteley, John (1998). "Guérin, Pierre(-Narcisse)" in Turner 1998, vol. 13, pp. 791–795.
  • Williams, Simon (2003). "The spectacle of the past in grand opera" in Charlton 2003, pp. 58–75.
  • Zimmermann, Reiner (1998). Giacomo Meyerbeer: Eine Biografie nach Dokumenten (in German). Berlin: Parthas. Шаблон:ISBN.

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  1. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, pp. 66, 73. His name at birth was spelled 'Henry', which was changed much later to 'Henri'. Huebner 1992 gives Duponchel's day of birth as 25 July and his first names as "Charles (Edmond)" (for the difference in names, see below). According to Tamvaco 2000, p. 963, the confusion between 25 and 28 July derives from the obituary of Duponchel by Boudin 1868, where Duponchel's date of birth is given as 25 July 1794 as well as the French Revolutionary Calendar date of 10 Thermidor an II (which would have been used in official documents at the time of Duponchel's birth). The latter date actually corresponds to 28 July 1794. An even earlier source, the Belgian Annuaire dramatique pour 1843, p. 20 has the entry "28 July 1794 Duponchel (Henri), ex-dir. of the Gr. Op." Other sources give 1795 as the year of Duponchel's birth. One of the earliest is Vapereau 1858, p. 38, and 1795 is repeated in two other obituaries (cited by Tamvaco 2000, p. 963: Marx 1868 and Énault 1868).
  2. ↑ The confusion of identities, resulting in Charles-Edmond Duponchel's first names being given to Henri Duponchel, was made early on. Vapereau 1858, p. 38, gives the incorrect name (as well the incorrect 1795 as the year of his birth), as does Larousse 1870, p. 1412. Incorrect first names have frequently and persistently been used by various authors, even quite recently (for example, Kelly 2004, p. 172, identifies the director of the Opéra as Charles-Edmond Duponchel), despite Dion-Tenenbaum's 1997 paper, and even earlier, Ivor Guest's 1956 biography of Fanny Cerrito (see p. 117) and his 1981 compilation of the correspondence of Arthur Saint-Léon, which includes three letters: no. 4 to "Henry Duponchel", dated at the bottom "2nd August 1847"; no.5 to "Henri Duponchel", dated at the bottom "10.8.47 London"; and no. 6 to "Henri Duponchel", dated at the top "Bath, 1st Sept. 1847" and at the bottom "Bath 1/9/47" (see Guest 1981, p. 39, and pp. 40 and 41; provenance: Archives Nationales, Paris, Series AJ13: Box 477). More evidence comes from a legal document concerning his mother's will, which identifies him as Henri Duponchel (Ledru-Rollin & Levesque 1847, p. 543). In addition, as Tamvaco mentions, the rare extant letters written by Duponchel have his monogram "H. D" as the letterhead (Tamvaco 2000, p. 963 note 200).
  3. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, p. 66; Ledru-Rollin & Levesque 1847, p. 543 (mother's death date); Whiteley 1998, p. 792 (Guérin as a theatre enthusiast).
  4. ↑ Marrinan 2009, pp. 195–196.
  5. ↑ Probably Julien-Alphonse Bottrel (c. 1818–1870), student of Félix Duban (Brault & Du Bois [1893], vol. 3, p. 374).
  6. ↑ Duponchel's participation was unofficial, and he was not credited on the designs when they were reproduced by César Daly in his Revue générale de l'Architecture et des Travaux publics, vol. 19 (1861) plate 48. Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, p. 66, cites G. Bourdin 14 February 1861, p. 3 and Jacques 1986, p. 26, among others. The first competition, for the design of the new opera house which was later to become known as the Palais Garnier, was announced on 30 December 1860 and closed on 31 January 1861. It called for the submission of preliminary projects, which were to indicate "la pensée de leurs auteurs" ("the thoughts of their authors"). There were no restrictions on who could compete, and projects by amateurs, as well as architects, were submitted (Mead 1991, p. 60). Charles Garnier was finally selected as the architect after a second, more exacting competition later that year (Mead 1991, pp. 76–78).
  7. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, pp. 66–67.
  8. ↑ Concerning Robert le diable, Chouquet 1873, p. 396, credits Cicéri with the decor and Duponchel with the mise en scène.
  9. ↑ Carlson 1972, p. 61.
  10. ↑ Carlson 1972, pp. 72–73; Guest 2008, pp. 121–122.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Huebner 1992.
  12. ↑ Chouquet 1873, p. 398.
  13. ↑ Chouquet 1873, p. 399.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
  15. ↑ According to Brozoska 2003, p. 190, Marie Taglioni danced in 6 performances, after which she was replaced by Louise Fitzjames, who danced the role 232 times. Guest 2008, p. 208, says Taglioni danced it 7 times, after which the role was taken over by Pauline Duvernay. Carlson 1972, p. 75, credits the choreography of the "Ballet of the Nuns" to Jean Coralli, but both Brozoska and Guest say the choreography was by Filippo Taglioni. Guest, p. 209, mentions that Coralli probably did the choreography for the divertissement in Act 2.
  16. ↑ Carnegy 2006, pp. 15–16.
  17. ↑ Carlson 1972, p. 75.
  18. ↑ Carlson 1972, p. 84.
  19. ↑ Smith (2003), 102 and n. 19
  20. ↑ Williams 2003, pp. 429; Lacombe 2003, p. 27.
  21. ↑ Gerhard 1998, pp. 34–35; Carlson 1972, p. 79 (1841 return to scenic director).
  22. ↑ The information in this list is from Pitou 1990, pp. 1428–1431.
  23. ↑ Weber's German opera had premiered on 18 June 1821 in Berlin. For the Paris Opera production it was translated into French by Émilien Pacini and Hector Berlioz. Berlioz composed recitatives to replace the spoken dialogue and arranged some of Weber's other music for the ballet-divertissement, including excerpts from his incidental music for Preciosa and his opera Oberon. Berlioz also orchestrated Weber's piano piece Aufforderung zum Tanz (Holoman 1992, p. 435). The production was notable for being far more faithful to the original than the previous French adaptation by Thomas Sauvage and Castil-Blaze, known as Robin de Bois, which had nevertheless been hugely successful all over France. The opera had also been given in German by the Théâtre-Italien in 1829. See Walsh 1981, pp. 58–59, 215.
  24. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, pp. 68–69.
  25. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, pp. 69–70.
  26. ↑ Master Jewelers at christies.com, accessed 29 February 2012.
  27. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, pp. 70–71. L'Illustration (4 August 1849) concerning precious metal objects that Duponchel exhibited that year: "il nous semble qu'il est dangereux pour un directeur d'opéra de cultiver l'orfèvrerie perfectionnée et de mener de front deux arts qui ont tant de sympathie l'un pour l'autre. Que M. Duponchel y réfléchisse!"
  28. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, p. 71; Johnston 1985, p. 284–285; Bouilhet 1910, pp. 260–263.
  29. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, Шаблон:Pp..
  30. ↑ Carlson 1972, p. 126.
  31. ↑ Cairns 1999, p. 104.
  32. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, p. 73–74.
  33. ↑ Dion-Tenenbaum 1997, p. 68.
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