Английская Википедия:Henry J. Kaiser-class replenishment oiler

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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics

The Henry J. Kaiser class is an American class of eighteen fleet replenishment oilers which began construction in August 1984. The class comprises fifteen oilers which are operated by Military Sealift Command to provide underway replenishment of fuel to United States Navy combat ships and jet fuel for aircraft aboard aircraft carriers at sea.

Twelve of the Kaisers are not double-hulled like most modern tankers. The class will be replaced by the John Lewis-class replenishment oiler.

One ship, operated by the United States from 1987 to 1996, was sold to Chile in 2009 and commissioned into the Chilean Navy in 2010. Two ships were scrapped in 2011 while still incomplete.

Technical overview

There are stations on both sides of each ship for underway replenishment of fuel and stores. The ships in this class have a small capacity to carry and transfer fresh and frozen foods as well as other materials, and have two dry cargo transfer rigs.

Шаблон:USNS, Шаблон:USNS, and Шаблон:USNS differ from the other 15 ships, in having double hulls to meet the requirements of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Hull separation is Шаблон:Convert at the sides and Шаблон:Convert on the bottom. This resulted in a 12% reduction in cargo capacity.

Construction program

The circumstances of the construction program were convoluted and it is worthwhile to spell them out here. The original contract, for T-AO 187, was awarded to Avondale Industries, (Avondale), in November 1982. This contract included options for T-AOs 188, 189 and 190, which were exercised in January 1983, (T-AO 188) and November 1983, (T-AOs 189 and 190). A second-source contract, for T-AOs 191 and 192, was awarded to Pennsylvania Shipbuilding Company, (Penn Ship), in May 1985.

This contract included options for T-AOs 194 and 196, which were never exercised. After Penn Ship began to have cash flow problems, the Navy transferred these options from Penn Ship's contract to Avondale's contract and exercised them in June 1988. Additional options on Avondale's contract were executed in June 1985 for T-AO 193, in February 1986 for T-AO 195, in February 1987 for T-AO 197, in June 1988 for T-AO 198, in October 1988 for T-AOs 200, 202 and 204, and in March 1989 for T-AOs 199, 201 and 203.

The Navy's contract with Penn Ship for T-AOs 191 and 192 was terminated before the ships were complete. A new contract was executed with Tampa Shipyards, Inc., of Tampa FL, a division of the American Ship Building Company. This company should not be confused with Tampa Shipbuilding Company, (TASCO), which was a totally different entity, at a different location, long gone by 1989.

Disputes over corrective construction and materials costs between the U.S. Navy and Tampa Shipyards resulted in termination of this contract in 1993, when T-AO 191 was said to be 95% complete and T-AO 192 84% complete. The Navy then determined that the ships were no longer needed as oilers, and undertook a study of the feasibility of converting them to ammunition ships. This study concluded that such a conversion was cost-prohibitive and the ships were placed in long-term storage in an incomplete condition. They were sold for recycling in 2011.

Naming

The class is named for its lead unit, Шаблон:USNS, which is named for the American industrialist and shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser (1882–1967). The first nine ships were named for American shipbuilders, inventors, naval architects, and aeronautical engineers who played important roles in the history of the U.S. Navy. The tenth to eighteenth ships were named after American rivers, which is a more traditional naming convention for U.S. Navy oilers.

Operations

In U.S. Navy service, the ships serve in a non-commissioned status in the Military Sealift Command, with primarily civilian crews, and as such, they are prefixed as "USNS" instead of "USS", as commissioned ships are. After joining the fleet, the 16 completed ships all saw active service between 1986 and 1996, when Шаблон:USNS became the first unit of the class to be laid up. Since then, some of the others have also spent periods out of service in reserve or in a limited operational status.

Foreign transfer

Andrew J. Higgins never re-entered U.S. service after being laid up in 1996. She was sold to Chile in 2009 and was commissioned into the Chilean Navy in 2010 as Almirante Montt.

Ships

Photo	Ship	Hull No.	Status	Years Active	NVR Page
USNS Henry J. Kaiser (T-AO-187)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-187	Active - Proposed decommission 2027	1986–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Joshua Humphreys (T-AO-188)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-188	Active - Proposed decommission 2026	1987-1996; 2005-2006; 2010-present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS John Lenthall (T-AO-189)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-189	Active - Proposed decommission 2023	1987-1996; 1998–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Andrew J. Higgins (T-AO-190)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-190	Inactivated May 1996. Sold to the Chilean Navy May 2009. Towed to Atlantic Marine Alabama shipyard, Mobile, Alabama, September 2009 for three-month refit. Commissioned in Chilean Navy on 10 February 2010 and renamed Almirante Montt.[1]	1987-1996 (USA); 2010–present (Chile)	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Benjamin Isherwood (T-AO-191)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-191	Cancelled when 95.3% complete, transferred to the Maritime Administration, laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, scrapped in 2011	Launched 1988, christened 1991, never in service	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Henry Eckford (T-AO-192)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-192	Cancelled when 84% complete, transferred to the Maritime Administration, laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, scrapped in 2011	Launched 1989, never in service	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO-193)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-193	Decommissioned 1 October 2022	1988–2022	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS John Ericsson (T-AO-194)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-194	Active - Proposed decommission 2026	1991–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Leroy Grumman (T-AO-195)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-195	Active - Proposed decommission 2025	1989–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Kanawha (T-AO-196)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-196	Active	1991–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Pecos (T-AO-197)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-197	Active - Proposed decommission 2026	1990–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Big Horn (T-AO-198)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-198	Active	1992–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Tippecanoe (T-AO-199)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-199	Active	1993–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Guadalupe (T-AO-200)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-200	Active	1992–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Patuxent (T-AO-201)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-201	Active	1995–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Yukon (T-AO-202)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-202	Active	1994–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Laramie (T-AO-203)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-203	Active	1996–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL
USNS Rappahannock (T-AO-204)	Шаблон:USNS	T-AO-204	Active	1995–present	Шаблон:Naval Vessel Register URL