Английская Википедия:Henryk Dąbrowski Park and Aleja Górska, Bydgoszcz

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox park

Henryk Dąbrowski Park is a green area covering 2,89 ha, located on the heights of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Aleja Górska is a smaller green walking path that extends to the east of the park.

Location

The park occupies a rectangular area of Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert in the Szwederowo district. It is surrounded by the following streets: Filarecka, Grudziądzka, Podgórna and Stroma. This rectangle is partly situated on two hills separated by a small valley. This very spot has been named Jan Henryk Dąbrowski hill, playing a major role during the Battle of Bydgoszcz in October 1794. Aleja Górska has a surface of Шаблон:Convert, hemmed by Nowy Rynek square, Terasy, Wiatrakowa and Kujawska streets.

History

The park was founded in 1832 at the initiative of Carl von Wissmann, then president of the administrative region of Bromberg; for this decision, a part of the hill where stands the park has been renamed the Wissmann Hill (Шаблон:Lang-ger).[1] This realization was one of the first carried out by the nascent Society for the Embellishment of Bromberg (Шаблон:Lang-ger), established in 1833. During the first twenty years of its activity, the association displayed a certain creativity in favor of the aesthetics of the city.[2] The strip of land identified for the project was located close to a former farm called Górzyskowo, its western tip encroaching upon the terrain of the first Jewish cemetery of the city, founded in 1816 and closed to sepulture in 1874.[3]

After the purchase of the wooded hill terrain in 1828-1829, municipal authorities oversaw the park building, completed in autumn 1832. The designers were master Barthold (overall design and greenery planting) and master Klopsch (roads and circulation).[4] Several species pre-existed on the spot (oaks, beeches and hornbeams) and chestnuts had been planted there in 1812–1816. During the greenery composition (1832-1833), 10 species of ornamental shrubs and 100 species of perennial and water flowers were planted. Trees were planted in several steps: mainly in 1864, 1892 and 1900. On 2 September 1871 the so-called Oak of Peace was officially put in the ground.[4]

On the eastern part of the park allegedly stood the Kujawian stronghold (8th-11th century) and Swedish trenches from the 17th century (Шаблон:Lang-ger): in this area a viewing platform onto the city was set up, and in 1844, a bust of Carl von Wissmann was unveiled (destroyed in 1928).[1] In 1900, during the creation of the waterworks network, a water tower was built at Filarecka Street, with a pay-to-access observation deck round its roof.

Two ponds were set up on the western part, both fenced and illuminated, displaying a water fountain and a waterfall. They were called Adlerteiche (Eagle pond) and Baptistenteiche (Baptist Ponds). A lower pond, where the water cascade was flowing down to, was created in 1908: since it had goldfishes, it was called Goldfischteich.[4]

During the interwar years, the Jewish cemetery adjacent to the park was devastated. In 1920, the park was named after General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to celebrate his capture Bydgoszcz by the Kościuszko Uprising (1794). On 2 October Dąbrowski's corps reached Bydgoszcz and stopped at the hills south of the city: his artillery was deployed where today stands the water tower and fired on the city, aiming at the southern gate (Poznań gate).

In 1930, new species were planted: the park surface then reached Шаблон:Convert, its largest area ever. In 1938, 56 sorts of plants were catalogued, among others:[4] sessile oak, horse chestnut, Norway maple, field maple, sycamore, black alder, hornbeam, Siberian peashrub, ash tree, common beech, silver poplar, small-leaved lime, large-leaved lime, bird cherries, Swedish whitebeam, Scotch elm, European white elm, grapewine, cypress, European larch, fir, Scots pine, spruce, yew. Along the paths, one could find poplars, lime trees, maple trees and oaks.

In 1942, the Jewish cemetery was liquidated; after WWII, the place was converted to a green area.[3]

Файл:Park Henryka Dabrowskiego obelisk 1.jpg
Monument to Henryk Dabrowski, 1995

At the beginning of the 1950s, authorities erected a Шаблон:Convert high wooden tower in the eastern part of the park in order to jamm Radio Madrid, an anti-communist radio station. In the wake of the Polish October, a spontaneous demonstration burned down this radio jamming contrivance on 18 November 1956.[5] Although perpetrators were victims of repression during the following years, the device was never rebuilt.

In 1995, in the western part of the park was unveiled a monument realized by local sculptor Krystyna Panasik: an obelisk bearing a commemorative plaque in honor of General Henryk Dąbrowski.[6] In 1996, another memorial plaque was set on the very location of the former radio jamming tower.[6] In 2002, a renovation was carried out, aiming at park alleys, greenery, the water cascade system, the fountains and the waterfall.

In 2016, a park regeneration project was prepared, with several objectives:[7]

  • restoring the historical spatial arrangements (e.g. the recreation area on the lower terrace with a viewing point);
  • marking out missing paths, especially in the western part, leading to the Henryk Dąbrowski monument;
  • construction of stone stairs down to Stroma street (western end of the park);
  • upgrading small architecture elements (e.g. benches, information boards, nest boxes for birds and bats, stylized LED lanterns).

The plan also comprised a reconstruction of the lighting system and new plantings (including azaleas, magnolias and rhododendrons),[8] especially those providing provide food for birds and insects. Restoration works, which costed 2,5 million PLN, started in August 2018 and have been completed in June 2019.[9]

Aleja Górska

Файл:Panorama z alei górskiej 1.jpg
View of the old town from Aleja Górska

The area was originally named Circular public gardens (Шаблон:Lang-pl), in reference to the Public gardens on the Brda river (Шаблон:Lang-pl) which was a walking and recreation path located on the embankment of the Brda river. This circular path on the hills were at the time (1890) an alternative route allowing to enjoy the panorama on the city. Construction works of these gardens started at the end of the 19th century. They were built in several stages (1890, 1910, 1922 and 1940-1942),[4] as an extension of the walking and viewing trail from the then Park on Wissmann hill. At the turn of the 20th century, many dry creeks were present along adjacent the streets (Terasy, Wiatrakowa and Kujawska). The initial public gardens were incorporated into the Freedom Park, covering Шаблон:Convert in a luxurious way: 70 species of deciduous trees, conifers and shrubs were catalogued.[4]

Today, Aleja Górska runs between Terasy (in the west) and Wiatrakowa (in the east) streets, on the slope parallel to Nowodworska street (in the south) which overlooks New Market square. It borders the backyards of the Secondary High school and the Catholic schools. An observation platform offers a wide panorama over the old town, accessible by a series of stairs built in 1993-1995. The eastern end of Aleja Górska leads at Wiatrakowa street, located in a gorge, were once stood several windmills for cereals, giving its name to the street (windmill is wiatrak in Polish).

The stairs have been refurbished in 2014,[10] part of an overall renovation plan spanning from Henryk Dąbrowski Park to the Heroes Cemetery (Шаблон:Lang-pl).[11]

Elements in the historic green ensemble of the city southern hill

As early as the mid-19th century, these green areas was subsumed in a larger ensemble located on the southern hilly side of Bromberg. It represented a Шаблон:Convert long walking trail, albeit partially interrupted, from where you could appreciate the panorama upon the city.

At that time, the ring of hills was crisscrossed by dry creeks and paths leading the parks. They were identified through time as:

  • Park on Prince hill (Шаблон:Lang-ger) (est. 1834), located between present day Lubelska and Seminaryjna streets. On 15 June 1835 Frederick William IV of Prussia, then crown prince to the Prussian throne, paid a visit to the park, giving it its name. Surviving plots can be found today along the green slope facing Seminaryjna street;[4]
Файл:Bdg parkWzgWoln8 10-2014.jpg
View of the park on Wolności Hill

Today, the path along Bydgoszcz hilly southern slopes offers a panorama of the city from Henryk Dąbrowski Park to Aleja Górska and Kujawska street. The trail continues east, up the stairs to the Park on Wolności Hill, reaching Jan Biziel hospital: further eastern segments of this panorama walking path are located in Wyżyny and Kapuściska districts.

Species

About 50 species of trees and shrubs grow around the two cascade ponds, both on the upper and lower terraces connected by stairs,[6] including large-leaved lime, horse chestnut, common beech, black locust, Norway and field maples and sycamore.[12]

One of the essential architectural element of the park is bought by the presence of the 1900 water tower, built to regulate the pressure in the municipal waterworks network. Since 2012, it houses Bydgoszzc waterworks museum, as well as offering a view of the city.[2]

One can admire Polish Natural Monuments in Henryk Dąbrowski Park, Aleja Górska and their immediate surroundings:[13]

Nr. Type Number Localisation Data
I. Ginkgo[14] 1 In Filarecka street, upper pond circumference/Шаблон:Convert
II. Siberian elm[15] 1 In Filarecka street, upper pond
III. Elm[16] 1 In Filarecka street, upper pond circumference/Шаблон:Convert
IV. Small-leaved linden[17] 1 Park low terrace circumference/Шаблон:Convert
V. White willow[18] 1 Between park terraces circumference/Шаблон:Convert
VI. European oak[19] 1 High school property at 8 Dąbrowskiego street circumference/Шаблон:Convert
VII. Red oak[19] 1 High school property at 8 Dąbrowskiego street circumference/Шаблон:Convert
VIII. English Yew[20] 1 At 14 Wały Jagiellońskie Шаблон:Convert high
IX. European beech[21] 3 At 12 Wały Jagiellońskie largest circumference/Шаблон:Convert
X. Large-leaved lime[21] 1 At 12 Wały Jagiellońskie largest circumference/Шаблон:Convert

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Commons category

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Bydgoszcz parks and green areas

  1. 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite web
  8. Шаблон:Cite web
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite web
  12. Шаблон:Cite book
  13. Rozporządzenie Nr 11/91 Wojewody Bydgoskiego z dn. 01.07.1991
  14. Uchwała Nr LXII/1300/14 Rady Miasta Bydgoszczy z dnia 24 września 2014 r. w sprawie ustanowienia pomników przyrody na terenie Bydgoszczy
  15. Uchwała Nr XX/363/11 Rady Miasta Bydgoszcz z dnia 19 stycznia 2011 r. w sprawie zniesienia formy ochrony przyrody z dębu kaukaskiego w Parku na Wzgórzu Dąbrowskiego
  16. Rozporządzenie Nr 305/93 Wojewody Bydgoskiego z dnia 26 października 1993 r. w sprawie uznania za pomniki przyrody tworów przyrody na terenie województwa bydgoskiego
  17. Uchwała Nr LXII/1300/14 Rady Miasta Bydgoszczy z dnia 24 września 2014 r. w sprawie ustanowienia pomników przyrody na terenie Bydgoszczy
  18. Uchwała Nr XX/363/11 Rady Miasta Bydgoszcz z dnia 19 stycznia 2011 r. w sprawie zniesienia formy ochrony przyrody z dębu kaukaskiego w Parku na Wzgórzu Dąbrowskiego
  19. 19,0 19,1 UCHWAŁA NR XXXII/606/16 RADY MIASTA BYDGOSZCZY z dnia 29 czerwca 2016 r. w sprawie zmian w uchwale nr LXII/1300/14 Rady Miasta Bydgoszczy z dnia 24 września 2014 r. w sprawie ustanowienia pomników przyrody na terenie Bydgoszczy (Dz. Urz. Woj. Kuj. – Pom. poz. 2720)
  20. Uchwała Nr LXII/1300/14 Rady Miasta Bydgoszczy z dnia 24 września 2014 r. w sprawie ustanowienia pomników przyrody na terenie Bydgoszczy
  21. 21,0 21,1 Uchwała Nr XLIII/608/09 Rady Miasta Bydgoszczy z dnia 25 lutego 2009 r. w sprawie uznania drzew za pomniki przyrody